Selective synthesis of 1-butanol from ethanol over strontium phosphate hydroxyapatite catalysts

Review of catalytic systems and thermodynamics for the Guerbet condensation reaction and challenges for biomass valorization

“…This mechanism involving aldolization is supported by several arguments. Intermediate products of the pathway are often observed 92,[94][95][96][97][98] and can be reduced to the product alcohol under the same conditions. 70,96 The conditions applied in the Guerbet reaction are suitable for aldol condensation.…”

“…Intermediate products of the pathway are often observed 92,[94][95][96][97][98] and can be reduced to the product alcohol under the same conditions. 70,96 The conditions applied in the Guerbet reaction are suitable for aldol condensation. 94,97,99 Moreover, addition of C 13 -labeled ethanal to the reaction mixture of ethanol resulted in a high amount of C 13 -containing Guerbet products 94 and the rate of product formation was found to be proportional to the concentrations of the aldehyde.…”

Role of Different Feedstocks on the Butanol Production Through Microbial and Catalytic Routes

“…For the biobased process, land is used to produce the biomass (0.29 ha ton−1), while no land is required for the chemical or petrochemical process. Production costs are higher for the biobased process also some examples show low productivity, compared to the chemical or petrochemical process ( Ogo, Onda, and Yanagisawa 2011;Uyttebroek, Vam Hecke, and Vanbroekhoven 2015). As mentioned earlier that Oxo synthesis process has become more successful and favorite choice over the all other reported methods for butanol production via catalytic route and it is based on an aldol condensation of acetaldehyde as it has more favorable ratio of butanol to isobutanol with milder reaction conditions ( Maarten, Wouter, and Karolien 2015).…”

“…From the literature it is very clear that a number of feedstock and microorganisms are involved in the production of butanol via ABE fermentation but there are certain limitations such as low yield and productivity of butanol in final stage and high cost for butanol recovery in low concentration medium ( Ogo, Onda, and Yanagisawa 2011). Xue et al (2016a) reported a novel method for in situ gas stripping-pervaporation process integrated with ABE fermentation for hyper n-butanol production.…”

A kinetic insight into the activation of n-octane with alkaline-earth metal hydroxyapatites

“…All the data points were obtained in duplicate with an error of ±2 %. The specific reaction rate and the turnover numbers (TON) for the formation of products were calculated as follows: 17 Specific reaction rate = ( -octane conversion / 100) ( n specific surface area of the catalyst GHSV -1 × ×36000…”