Selenium concentration in the milk of breast-feeding mothers and its geographic distribution.

Zachara, B; Pilecki, Adam

doi:10.1289/ehp.001081043

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These variations, particularly in the amount of Se, may be explainable, as has been indicated by other studies, as a result of the difference in maternal intake of Se through food, [18]. This influence through food intake may further be enhanced by the fact that, the micronutrient content of food stuffs varies due to variations in the geochemical environment where the food stuffs are grown [18] [19] [20]. Furthermore, the extent of the consumption of certain foods, within a locality, particularly those that are noted as rich in the said micronutrient, undoubtedly could explain the variations in the amounts of the Se in different areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Double Burden of Malnutrition: Toxic Metals in Breast Milk May Limit the Amounts of Micronutrients Available to Infants through Breast Milk

Awua¹,

Boatin²,

Adom³

et al. 2019

FNS

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Background: The amounts of micronutrients in the diets of infants, and the factors that influence them needs to be monitored at the population level in order to avert detrimental developmental defects that impose lifetime-limitations on an infant's regulatory and defense systems. This study therefore, sought to evaluate if increasing levels of the toxic metals, Hg, Pb and Cd in breast milk will result in reducing amounts of the micronutrients Zn, Se and Cu in breast milk. Methods: Breast milk samples of 114 women living in two mining areas (57 women each) in Ghana, whose babies' amounts of breast milk intake at three months postpartum, and amounts of toxic metals had previously been determined in a prospective study, were analyzed for micronutrients by a combination of acid and microwave digestion, and quantifications were by two different modes (hydrogen and helium) of Octapole Reaction System Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (7500 ce. Agilent), equipped with an ASX-510 Auto-sampler (Cetac). Results: All the breast milk specimen collected contained detectable amounts of Cu, Zn, both at levels less than have been previously reported, and Se. For specimen that did not contain Pb the amount of Se ranged from about 110 to 245 ng/g of milk, however, as the amount of Pb increased, the corresponding highest detected amount of Se reduced steeply, resulting in a right-angle triangle-shaped scatter plot. Similar relationships were observed between other toxic metals and micronutrients studied. A curve fitting regression analysis showed significant qua

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Double Burden of Malnutrition: Toxic Metals in Breast Milk May Limit the Amounts of Micronutrients Available to Infants through Breast Milk

Awua¹,

Boatin²,

Adom³

et al. 2019

FNS

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“…A wide range of selenium concentrations in human milk have been observed, depending on the amount of selenium consumed by the mother from natural foods. Breast milk concentrations of selenium in Europe range from 3 to 84 µg/L (0.46-12.9 µg/100 kcal), with a mean (SD) value of 16.3 ± 4.7 µg/L (2.51 ± 0.72 µg/100 kcal) (Krachler et al, 1998;Zachara and Pilecki, 2000;Navarro-Blasco and Alvarez-Galindo, 2003;Özdemir et al, 2008).…”

Section: Selenium Content Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

281

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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“…Mean/median selenium concentrations in mature breast milk from 16 studies in women from EU countries were between 7 and 21 µg/L, with most values between 10 and 18 µg/L (Robberecht et al, 1985;Schramel et al, 1988b;Bratakos and Ioannou, 1991;Brätter et al, 1991;Kantola and Vartiainen, 1991;Debski et al, 1992;Jochum et al, 1995;Kantola et al, 1997;Krachler et al, 1998;Li et al, 1999;Krachler et al, 2000;Zachara and Pilecki, 2000;Martino et al, 2001;Navarro-Blasco and Alvarez-Galindo, 2004;Valent et al, 2011;Miklavcic et al, 2013) (see Appendix A).…”

Section: Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…n.a. < 4.7-87 Zachara and Pilecki (2000) 905 (905) Poland 12-75 days 10.24 ± 2.82 n.a. 3-23.4 Micetic-Turk et al (2000) 18 (18) Slovenia 2-3 days 29.0 ± 10.0 n.a.…”

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confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for selenium

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

244

109

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for selenium. The levelling off of plasma selenoprotein P (SEPP1) concentration was considered indicative of an adequate supply of selenium to all tissues and to reflect saturation of the functional selenium body pool, ensuring that selenium requirement is met. This criterion was used for establishing DRVs for selenium in adults. Evidence from human studies on the relationship between selenium intake and plasma SEPP1 concentration was reviewed. Given the uncertainties in available data on this relationship, they were considered insufficient to derive an Average Requirement. An Adequate Intake (AI) of 70 µg/day for adults was set. A review of observational studies and randomised controlled trials that investigated the relationship between selenium and health outcomes did not provide evidence for additional benefits associated with selenium intake beyond that required for the levelling off of SEPP1. No specific indicators of selenium requirements were available for infants, children or adolescents. For infants aged 7-11 months, an AI of 15 µg/day was derived by extrapolating upwards from the estimated selenium intake with breast milk of younger exclusively breast-fed infants, taking into account differences in reference body weights. For children and adolescents, the AIs for selenium were extrapolated from the AI for adults by isometric scaling and application of a growth factor. AIs range from 15 µg/day for children aged one to three years to 70 µg/day for adolescents aged 15-17 years. Considering that adaptive changes in the metabolism of selenium occur during pregnancy, the AI set for adult women applies to pregnancy. For lactating women, an additional selenium intake of 15 µg/day was estimated to cover the amount of selenium secreted in breast milk, and an AI of 85 µg/day was set.

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Selenium concentration in the milk of breast-feeding mothers and its geographic distribution.

Cited by 32 publications

References 32 publications

Double Burden of Malnutrition: Toxic Metals in Breast Milk May Limit the Amounts of Micronutrients Available to Infants through Breast Milk

Double Burden of Malnutrition: Toxic Metals in Breast Milk May Limit the Amounts of Micronutrients Available to Infants through Breast Milk

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for selenium

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