Self-Absorption and Trapping of Sharp-Line Resonance Radiation in Ruby

Abstract

As an aid in planning a microwave-optical double resonance experiment, 1 * 2 we have examined by high-resolution optical spectroscopy the details of the sharp-line fluorescence of ruby (Cr 3+ in A1 2 0 3 ).The only transition which appears in the fluorescence of dilute ruby at 4°K is from 2 E(E) to 4 A 2 and appears at 6934 A. Selection rules for this transition have been calculated, 3 and partially verified for absorption. 4 The Zeeman levels to be discussed here are those occurring C E(E)< V 2.5| nt | _L .._i 15 L <r \ 10

Upconversion and Anti-Stokes Processes with f and d Ions in Solids

“…These effects are particularly strong in Cr 3+ and Yb 3+ . [23][24][25] Let us consider the simple case of two ions, each with one excitable electronic state separated from its electronic ground state by nearly equal energy; it is the case described in Figure 1b. With suitable Figure 1.…”

Photon trapping in ruby and lanthanide-doped materials: Recollections and revival

“…In Ref. [25], was stated that at room temperature the photon trapping in ruby is negligible due to a reduction in self-absorption, and in fact it had been discovered at 77 K [21]. Yet we had found that the mere wrapping of a laser rod, diameter 5 and 50 mm long, in a metallic ''chocolate paper'', had increase the room temperature lifetime from 4 to 8 ms [29] a factor 2 nearly as high as the figure 3.5 found at 77 K [21].…”

“…It has been known for a long time that the resonance transitions of the R 1 , R 2 lines in ruby may leads to a strong radiation trapping which manifests itself usually by an undesired increase in the measured lifetime [21][22][23][24]. Very detailed studies about ruby at various temperatures have been performed for efficiencies [25] as well as for energy migration both by nonradiative and radiative processes between two Cr ions [26,27].…”

Chromium Photophysics – A Prototypical Case History

“…The renaissance of Cr(III) photophysics awaited the availability of short-lived flashlamp excitation coupled with photomultiplier detection. This led to the currently accepted ruby lifetime of 4.3 ms at 77 K (Varsanyi, 1959).…”