“…Furthermore, despite the success and effectiveness of the meta-heuristic algorithms, their performance can vary across different problem domains (Zhang et al ., 2020). Due to the advantages of hyper-heuristics, many studies utilised the hyper-heuristic algorithms to tackle a wide range of optimisation problems such as university course timetabling (Bai et al ., 2007; Soria-Alcaraz et al ., 2016), knapsack problems (Gölcük and Ozsoydan, 2021), exam timetabling problems (Hao et al ., 2020), vehicle crash-worthiness problem (Li et al ., 2017), quadratic assignment problem (Dokeroglu and Cosar, 2016) and scheduling problems (Koulinas et al ., 2014; Hart and Sim, 2016; Lin et al ., 2017; Deliktaş, 2021). Furthermore, a few studies have explored the application of hyper-heuristic algorithms in addressing different assembly line variations, such as aircraft final ALB (Bao et al ., 2023), two-sided ALB (Rong et al ., 2023), stochastic parallel disassembly line balancing (Hu et al ., 2023), parallel ALB (Seçme and Özbakır, 2019; Özbakır and Seçme, 2022), mixed-model ALB (Ebrahimi et al ., 2023; Cano-Belmán et al ., 2010) and robotic parallel with type-II (Çil et al ., 2017).…”