Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons Inducing Volumetric Light Confinement

Joung, Daeha; Nemilentsau, Andrei; Agarwal, Kriti; Dai, Chunhui; Liu, Chao; Su, Qun; Li, Jing; Low, Tony; Koester, Steven J.; Cho, Jeong-Hyun

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05412

Cited by 47 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Beyond assembling 2D materials relying on nucleation, and organizing 3D architecture depending on van der Waals forces, additional mechanism such as surface tension force can also impart new self‐assembly ways. Joung et al reported a micro/nanoscale self‐folding graphene‐based cube by surface tension forces of the polymer . As shown in Figure h, six graphene squares on protection layers are fabricated.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Patterned 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Zhang

Wang

Cao

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

114

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of 2D materials, understanding electromagnetic responses and exploiting abundant strategies to control electromagnetic wave are urgently needed for developing devices. [16][17][18] Patterned structures offer a platform to develop the potential of 2D materials deeply, and even break through some limits of traditional 2D materials. Geometric structures based on such crystals increase the freedom to manipulate electromagnetic wave, giving 2D materials infinite vitality. Recently, micro-nano devices integrated with patterned graphene, MXenes, MoS 2 , WS 2 , or black phosphorus are refreshing human being's cognition, pushing micro-nano devices into a new level. [19][20][21][22][23][24] However, there is still broad space for improvement. Designing a high-performance micro-nano device remains a great challenge. Selecting materials based on the intrinsic nature, arranging layout, tailoring patterned structures, choosing fabrication methods, as well as knowing physical mechanism of devices are all key links in designing a prominent device.Intellectualization, multifunction, automation, or high integration is an inevitable trend in various devices. Reasonable utilization of physical effects to improve performance, optimize figure of merit, and integrate multiple functionalities are becoming the theme of micro-nano devices. Herein, we start from the crystal and electronic structures of several typical 2D materials to summarize the available physical effects and electromagnetic response behaviors. We highlight the progress in preparing patterned 2D materials, and emphasize the mechanism of the micro-nano devices to broaden the horizons for designing devices. Finally, we predict future directions of fabrication techniques and point out the problems in current devices. Electronic Structures and Available Physical Effects of a 2D CrystalCrystal and electronic structures codetermine the properties of materials. Crystal structure, including constituent elements, 2D materials strongly drive the development of micro-nano devices, and patterned structures based on such crystals bring new opportunities. The advanced fabrication techniques of patterned 2D materials and the analysis of their electronic structures, and physical properties to provide access to diverse applications are discussed. Special attention is given to the hotspot electromagnetic functions and devices based on patterned 2D materials, including photodetectors, optoelectronic switches, modulators, polarization converters, gratings, as well as electromagnetic wave attenuation devices. Finally, a systematical outlook on the development of patterned 2D materials in micro-nano devices is presented, pointing out the current problems and exploring the most promising directions in the future. Patterned 2D Materials

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Section: Fabrication Of Patterned 2d Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Zhang

Wang

Cao

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

114

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Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Self‐folding cubes can be used as a scaffold to suspend novel atomistic materials such as graphene and graphene oxide to create novel electromagnetic devices . Joung et al demonstrated tunable optically transparent self‐folded polyhedra with freestanding graphene oxide panels and solder hinges (Figure e) .…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They attributed this observation to diffusion of water molecules into the layers of graphene oxide. Joung et al also reported a method to integrate graphene in micro‐ and nano‐scale self‐folded cubes by reflowing polymer hinges (Figure f) . Specifically, SU‐8 frames and SPR 220 polymer hinges were patterned on top of graphene, and the polymer could be reflowed at 100 °C, which is lower than the temperature used in solder reflow.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐Folding Using Capillary Forces

Kwok

Huang

Mastrangeli

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Inter

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Self‐folding broadly refers to the assembly of 3D structures by bending, curving, and folding without the need for manual or mechanized intervention. Self‐folding is scientifically interesting because self‐folded structures, from plant leaves to gut villi to cerebral gyri, abound in nature. From an engineering perspective, self‐folding of sub‐millimeter‐sized structures addresses major hurdles in nano‐ and micro‐manufacturing. This review focuses on self‐folding using surface tension or capillary forces derived from the minimization of liquid interfacial area. Due to favorable downscaling with length, at small scales capillary forces become extremely large relative to forces that scale with volume, such as gravity or inertia, and to forces that scale with area, such as elasticity. The major demonstrated classes of capillary force assisted self‐folding are discussed. These classes include the use of rigid or soft and micro‐ or nano‐patterned precursors that are assembled using a variety of liquids such as water, molten polymers, and liquid metals. The authors outline the underlying physics and highlight important design considerations that maximize rigidity, strength, and yield of the assembled structures. They also discuss applications of capillary self‐folding structures in engineering and medicine. Finally, the authors conclude by summarizing standing challenges and describing future trends.

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“…Joung et al reported the self‐folding of graphene by capillary force, using SU‐8 as a frame to support the flexible graphene pattern ( Figure a) . An SPR 200 polymer was used as the hinge to connect the SU‐8‐enhanced graphene flakes, and supply the driving force of the folding process when the sacrificial layer is removed and the temperature is above its melting point (≈100 °C).…”

Section: Fabrication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folding 2D Structures into 3D Configurations at the Micro/Nanoscale: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

Liu

Cui

et al. 2018

Advanced Materials

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configurations are no longer sufficient, either in terms of realizing certain crucial functionalities or in performance improvement. Compared to 2D structures, 3D structures have one more dimension, which enables more diversity in structure/ device design and is crucial in realizing richer physical interactions, better performance, and advanced functionalities. For example, to obtain a negative permeability from split ring resonators (SRRs) to construct negative index metamaterial, a vertical configuration of SRRs is needed to couple with the magnetic field, while planar SRRs can only couple with the electric field to obtain a negative permittivity. [4] With respect to device performance, 3D gold helixes [5] have larger polarization contrast than 2D chiral structures, [6] and dynamic 3D microcontainers [7] can realize drug delivery in a much more controllable way than absorption on 2D structures. [8] Therefore, 3D micro/nanostructures are of significant importance in such scenarios, acting as an indispensable supplement to the present 2D micro/nanostructures. However, the fabrication of 3D micro/nanostructures is a formidable challenge with the state-of-the-art equipment, because the traditional planar process cannot be used directly due to its 2D projection nature.Much effort has been devoted in past decades, and significant progress has been demonstrated with 3D micro/nanofabrication, which can be divided into two types of strategies. The first one is brand new technologies/equipment development, including 3D laser direct writing (LDW) [9] and focused ion beam (FIB) [10] processing using two-photon polymerization and ion beam milling/deposition to construct 3D structures. Great scientific advantages have been demonstrated in the fields of mechanics, optics, and biology using these techniques. [11] However, due to their intrinsic point-by-point writing style, the efficiency of LDW and FIB is limited. Moreover, the materials that can be proceeded by the two techniques are usually photoresists (two-photon absorption) and metals (FIB-assisted deposition), and transferring to other materials can be quite challenging in most cases. [5,12] The other strategy is a combination or modification of the technologies in planar processes (including lithography, deposition, and etching) and is referred to as "planar technology" in this review. In this strategy, a variety of 3D fabrication methods have been developed, such as multilayer stacking, [13] oblique angle deposition, [14] and self-aligned Compared to their 2D counterparts, 3D micro/nanostructures show larger degrees of freedom and richer functionalities; thus, they have attracted increasing attention in the past decades. Moreover, extensive applications of 3D micro/nanostructures are demonstrated in the fields of mechanics, biomedicine, optics, etc., with great advantages. However, the mainstream micro/nanofabrication technologies are planar ones; therefore, they cannot be used directly for the construction of 3D micro/nanostructures, making 3D fabrication at the m...

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Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons Inducing Volumetric Light Confinement

Cited by 47 publications

References 44 publications

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Electromagnetic Functions of Patterned 2D Materials for Micro–Nano Devices Covering GHz, THz, and Optical Frequency

Self‐Folding Using Capillary Forces

Folding 2D Structures into 3D Configurations at the Micro/Nanoscale: Principles, Techniques, and Applications

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