“…Specifically, the study builds upon theoretical concepts that provide a foundation for the effective application of gamification mechanics (Hamari et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2017). These theoretical frameworks include selfdetermination theory (Cherry, 2022;Noels et al, 2019;Rahayu et al, 2022), flow theory (dos Santos et al, 2018;Vann & Tawfik, 2020), behaviorism (Al-Dosakee & Ozdamli, 2021Budiman, 2017;Figueroa Flores, 2015), and cognitive load theory (Ragsdale, 2019;Sweller, 2017;Turan et al, 2016). By demonstrating the positive impact of incorporating gamified chatbot-driven sessions on student motivation, engagement, and language proficiency, this study provides empirical support for the effectiveness of these theoretical frameworks in practical language learning contexts.…”