“…The comprehensive conceptual framework of this study is based on the theories and works of researchers in cases involving the self-directed learning of adult learners (Garrison, 1997;Pilling-Cormick, 1997: Livingstone & Sawchuk, 1999Merriam, 2001), DGBL in L2 learning as a self-study tool (Warschauer & Healey, 1998;Prensky, 2001;Gee, 2005) and an IL environment using self-study tools (Holec, 1981;Ranabahu & Tamala, 2006). These theories are co-related to each other in a way that underlies the crucial perspectives of the self-directed learning of adult learners (Garrison, 1997;Pilling-Cormick, 1997;Livingstone & Sawchuk, 1999;Merriam, 2001).…”