Self-disclosure.

Hill, Clara E.; Knox, Sarah

doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.413

Cited by 88 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Bohart, Elliot, Greenberg, and Watson's review (2002) notes several studies that found client level of psychopathology, intelligence, self-esteem, and motivation to impact the level of empathy expressed by therapists. Hill and Knox (2002) suggest that therapist self-disclosure should depend on client characteristics but there is no research that documents what these characteristics should be. Not surprisingly, when therapist behavior has not been responsive to pretreatment client characteristics (e.g., being directive with a resistant client), this has often resulted in poor treatment outcomes (Beutler, Rocco, Moleiro, & Talebi, 2001).…”

Section: Client Pretreatment Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is surprising considering that the construct was first examined in an analogue study with child clients in 1969 (Myrick, 1969). Self-disclosure can be defined as whether individuals provide information about themselves (their thoughts and feelings) or their personal activities and experiences (Hill & Knox, 2002). Information can be provided spontaneously or in response to questioning.…”

Section: Therapist Self-disclosurementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

Karver

Handelsman

Fields

et al. 2005

Ment Health Serv Res

181

172

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Recently there has been an increasing emphasis in the youth and family mental health treatment literature on the use of empirically supported treatments (ESTs). In contrast there has been scant attention paid to more universal aspects of the therapy process that may have even greater impact upon therapy outcomes. It is likely that the success of the techniques proposed by ESTs may depend on the presence of common process factors. In this article, the authors explore the status of common process factors research in the youth and family therapy literature, and propose a theoretical model linking specific therapeutic relationship variables and treatment outcomes for children and adolescents. This model is intended to guide synthesis of the empirical evidence for common process factors in youth and family treatment and to stimulate future research on common process factors.

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Section: Client Pretreatment Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Therapist Self-disclosurementioning

confidence: 99%

A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

Karver

Handelsman

Fields

et al. 2005

Ment Health Serv Res

181

172

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, some evidence suggests that such disclosures may have no effect (Beutler & Mitchell, 1981;Hill et al, 1988) or a negative effect (Braswell, Kendall, Braith, Caery, & Vye, 1985) on client 3 Burkard, Knox, Groen, Perez, & Hess treatment. Of most interest, Hill and Knox (2002) found that the operational definition of or methods for assessing TSD were often problematic in studies in which neutral or negative effects were found, perhaps accounting for the findings. In studies in which a clear definition of TSD was used, the immediate effects on client outcomes were generally quite positive.…”

Section: General Use Of Tsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a review of the literature, Hill and Knox (2002) found that when judges coded therapist in-session behaviors, an average of 3.5% (range of 1%-13%) of all therapist interventions were self-disclosures. Survey research of therapist self-report (Edwards & Murdock, 1994) and client observations (Ramsdell & Ramsdell, 1993) also suggest that TSD is an infrequent occurrence in therapy, although theoretical orientation does appear to influence the frequency of TSD.…”

Section: General Use Of Tsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of most interest, Hill and Knox (2002) found that the operational definition of or methods for assessing TSD were often problematic in studies in which neutral or negative effects were found, perhaps accounting for the findings. In studies in which a clear definition of TSD was used, the immediate effects on client outcomes were generally quite positive.Thus, although TSD (see Hill & Knox, 2002, for a complete review of TSD) is used infrequently, the intervention often has positive influences on in-session client reactions and may also have positive implications for immediate client outcomes. What has not been considered in these investigations, however, is whether racial and cultural differences between client and therapist may influence the nature and process of TSD.…”

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confidence: 99%

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European American Therapist Self-Disclosure in Cross-Cultural Counseling

Burkard¹

2003

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Abstract:Eleven European American psychotherapists' use of self-disclosure in cross-cultural counseling was studied using consensual qualitative research. As reasons for self-disclosing, therapists reported the intent to enhance the counseling relationship, acknowledge the role of racism/oppression in clients' lives, and acknowledge their own racist/oppressive attitudes. Results indicated that therapists typically shared their reactions to clients' experiences of racism or oppression and that these self-disclosures typically had positive effects in therapy, often improving the counseling relationship by helping clients feel understood and enabling clients to advance to other important issues.For some time, therapists and researchers have recognized the importance of therapist self-disclosure (TSD) to therapy and the powerful effect it may have for the therapeutic relationship (Hill & Knox, 2002). Different theoretical orientations, however, have not always enabled agreement on the use of TSD in therapy. For example, therapists in the psychodynamic tradition often seek to limit their self-disclosures so that information about the therapist does not hinder the process of uncovering and resolving client transference (Jackson, 1990). In contrast, therapists from humanistic and existential orientations support the use of self-disclosure to demystify psychotherapy (Kaslow, Cooper, & Linsenberg, 1979) and to promote therapist authenticity and genuineness (Jourard, 1971). Likewise, cognitive-behavioral therapists also believe that TSD can have a positive effect during treatment. For example, TSD can normalize client struggles, illuminate effective coping strategies, provide clients with feedback on how they interpersonally affect others, and even model the process of self-disclosure itself. More recently, cross-cultural counseling theorists have also suggested that TSD be used to convey the therapist's sensitivity to cultural and racial issues, which may result in an increase of trust, greater perception of therapist credibility, and an improved therapeutic relationship with culturally diverse clients (Helms & Cook, 1999;Sue & Sue, 2003). However, minimal research exists in which the actual use of TSD in cross-cultural counseling is investigated. Such research is necessary, however, to examine whether and how TSD may influence the development of cross-cultural counseling relationships.2 Burkard, Knox, Groen, Perez, & Hess DefinitionNumerous theorists have offered varied definitions of TSD (e.g., Hill, Mahalik, & Thompson, 1989;Jourard, 1971;McCarthy & Betz, 1978;Watkins, 1990). What each definition shares is the recognition that TSD occurs when the therapist verbally reveals personal information about herself or himself. Thus, for this study, we excluded nonverbal disclosures that are unintentional, such as office décor and surroundings, or therapist nonverbal behaviors.Commonly recognized characteristics of TSD also include sharing information that would not normally be known by the client, with such interventions invo...

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The Moving Psychoanalytic Frame: Ethical Challenges for Community Practitioners

Rogers¹

2014

Appl Psychoanal Studies

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The need for outreach psychotherapists has increased considerably over the past few decades. Research suggests graduate training has not kept up with this phenomenon. Graduate students continue to be trained for in-clinic work, and are not prepared for the challenges of going into clients' homes and into the community. The literature supports the necessity for therapists who will be doing outreach psychotherapy to be trained in working in these atypical settings, as many innate challenges exist in this work. Challenging mental health issues, distracting environmental issues, safety concerns, lack of collegial support and supervision in the field, feelings of isolation, role confusion, countertransference, and blurred boundaries are just some of these concerns. This article reviews the literature of a number of key topics critical to competent and confident work in the community. Confidentiality, boundaries in clinical practice, managing countertransference in the therapy experience, self-disclosure, dual-relationships, and safety are all explored through the lens of outreach psychotherapy. Training graduate students in these areas is critical to reducing burnout and boundary violations with this vulnerable client population.

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Self-disclosure.

Cited by 88 publications

References 40 publications

A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

A Theoretical Model of Common Process Factors in Youth and Family Therapy

European American Therapist Self-Disclosure in Cross-Cultural Counseling

The Moving Psychoanalytic Frame: Ethical Challenges for Community Practitioners

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