Self-disclosures of alcoholics and drug addicts.

Gary, A. L.; Hammond, Rodney

doi:10.1037/h0086574

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Several investigations (Davis & Skinner, 1974;Gary & Hammond, 1970;Jourard & Resnick, 1970;Worthy, Gary, & Kahn, 1969) substantiate what Jourard (1971) designates as a "dyadic effect" of self-disclosure: that selfdisclosures offered by the first party in a dyadic interaction elicit self-disclosures in the second party.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Therapist's Self-Disclosure on Patients' Impressions of Empathy, Competence, and Trust in an Analogue of a Psychotherapeutic Interaction

Curtis¹

1981

Psychol Rep

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The present study examined the relationship between a therapist's self-disclosure and the patients' impressions of the therapist's empathy, competence, and trust. Written dialogues were constructed to manipulate three conditions of high, low, and no disclosure by the therapist. 57 subjects were randomly selected and assigned to one of three treatment conditions, and the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and Sorenson Relationship Questionnaire were measures of perceived empathy, competence, and trust. Findings confirmed the initial prediction: the greater the use of therapist's self-disclosure, the lower the subjects' impressions and evaluations of the therapist's empathy, competence, and trust. The results raise doubt regarding the predictability of therapist's self-disclosure as a psychotherapeutic technique and suggest that, at least with respect to the type of self-disclosure used in this study, therapists who utilize self-disclosing techniques may risk adversely affecting essential impressions on which a therapeutic alliance is established.T h e use of therapist's self-disclosure has been part of the current controversy regarding the distinctions between counseling and psychotherapy. This controversy presumably began w i h Rogers (1951) who, in a n attempt to de-emphasize the "medical m d e l " influence borrowed from psychoanalysis, coined the term counseling to characterize more appropriately the psychotherapeutic endeavor.Classical psychotherapeutic technique, which presumably originated with Freud ( 1912Freud ( /1958, contraindicated the utilization of therapist's self-disclosure; instead, therapist's anonymity, i.e., the "blank screen" o r "mirror" posture, and personal restraint ( t h e "rule of abstinence") were recommended to help mitigate the contamination of the patients' transference reactions.This preliminary caution was corroborated by many other psychoanalytic theorists and clinicians (Fenichel, 1941;Glover, 1955;Greenson, 1967;Langs, 1973; Meminger, 1958) by indicating that the therapist's expressed personal reactions tended to interfere with the analysis of the patients' transference discoveries and resolutions.

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confidence: 95%

Effect of Therapist's Self-Disclosure on Patients' Impressions of Empathy, Competence, and Trust in an Analogue of a Psychotherapeutic Interaction

Curtis¹

1981

Psychol Rep

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“…closure conditions, in which the therapist is While the present study did not examine portrayed as cold and enigmatic. Increased directly the "dyadic effect" of self-disclosure control over the independent variable was ac-(see Jourard, 1971), in which subjects' self-complished in this study (see Measures secdisclosures are viewed as a dependent varia-tion) by systematically varying the level of ble, it may be inferred that, since clients' im-therapist self-disclosure, pressions are partly responsible for increased Experimenter bias (see Rosenthal, 1966), self-disclosure, this effect would be attenuated, another recognized contaminant to self-dis-Further, in this connection, in many of the closure research (cf., Jourard & Jaffe, 1970), studies which seem to corroborate a "dyadic particularly evident in studies employing aceffect" of self-disclosure (e.g., Davis & Skin-tors and video equipment to manipulate theraner, 1974;Gary & Hammond, 1970;Jourard pist self-disclosure (e.g., Nilsson et al, 1979), & Resnick, 1970Worthy et al, 1969) it is has been minimized in this study by utilizing difficult, if not impossible, to determine written dialogues as the treatment conditions, whether the effect of self-disclosure per se, or Selection factors, yet another contributor some other aspect of the interpersonal com-to potential invalidity, have been known to munication (e.g., attitude similarity), is re-interact with the experimental treatment and sponsible for the effects obtained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Several investigations (e.g., Davis & Skinner, 1974;Gary & Hammond, 1970;Jourard & Resnick, 1970;Worthy et al, 1969) substantiate what Jourard (1971) designates as a "dyadic effect" of self-disclosure: that selfdisclosures offered by the first party in a dyadic interaction elicits self-disclosures in the second party.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

The effect of therapist self-disclosure on patients' perceptions of empathy, competence and trust in an analogue psychotherapeutic interaction.

Curtis¹

1982

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice

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Reciprocity in Self-Disclosure within the Psychological Interview

Feigenbaum

1977

Psychol Rep

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24 male and 24 female college subjects were interviewed individually by a male graduate student, using standardized interviews. Intimacy of subjects' self-disclosures during the interviews was investigated in relation to interviewing style (reflecting versus disclosing), seating arrangement (presence or absence of intervening desk), sex of subjects, and the temporal sequence of the interview. Results showed a significant correlation of intimacy of self-disclosure as measured by judges' content ratings of the interviews and as measured by subjects' use of self-referrent words. Intimacy of self-disclosure did not differ significantly as a function of sex or seating arrangement but increased significantly over time in response to both reflecting and self-disclosing comments by the interviewer.

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Self-disclosures of alcoholics and drug addicts.

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Effect of Therapist's Self-Disclosure on Patients' Impressions of Empathy, Competence, and Trust in an Analogue of a Psychotherapeutic Interaction

Effect of Therapist's Self-Disclosure on Patients' Impressions of Empathy, Competence, and Trust in an Analogue of a Psychotherapeutic Interaction

The effect of therapist self-disclosure on patients' perceptions of empathy, competence and trust in an analogue psychotherapeutic interaction.

Reciprocity in Self-Disclosure within the Psychological Interview

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