“…Having previously defined and expanded upon the trajectory of self-esteem through adolescence, above, the importance of self-esteem for the emerging and impressionable adolescent is readily apparent, since high-and low-levels of self-esteem have been variously associated with an array of positive and negative outcomes, respectively; for instance, low levels of self-esteem have been associated with delinquent behaviour, numerous risk-taking behaviours including smoking and drug experimentation, and suicidal ideation (Rosenberg, Schooler, & Schoenbach, 1989;Donnellan, Trzesniewski, Robins, Moffitt, & Caspi, 2005;Kabiru, Elung'ata, Mojola, & Beguy, 2014;Byrne & Mazanov, 2001;Mazanov & Byrne, 2002;Lazuras, Eiser, & Rodafinos, 2009;Kassel, Wardle, & Roberts, 2007;Kavas, 2009;Kindlundh, Hagekull, Isacson, & Nyberg, 2001;Fisher, Zapolski, Sheehan, & Barnes-Najor, 2017;Lin, 2015;Extremera, Quintana-Orts, Merida-Lopez, & Rey, 2018;Shim & Jeong, 2018;Manani & Sharma, 2013), amongst others. As a warning to the above associations, it should be seen that high levels of selfesteem will not prevent children from smoking, drinking, abusing drugs, or participating in early sexual interactions (Baumeister, Campbell, & Krueger, 2003) and, by implication, SMD.…”