Self-Healing Bimodal Sensors Based on Bioderived Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvent Ionic Elastomers

Abstract

Despite the remarkable progress in electronic skins (e-skins), it remains a great challenge to achieve high biocompatibility, multimodal response, and self-healing abilities simultaneously. Here, a fully biobased self-healing bimodal sensor based on the polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES) ionic elastomer is elaborately constructed for skin-contact multifunctional e-skin applications. Utilizing the synergistic regulation of physical and hydrogen bonding networks constructed by the polydopamine-coated cellulose nanocrystal, the bioderived PDES breaks the limitations of general biobased materials in strength and toughness while possessing excellent self-healing properties. The resulting ionic elastomer exhibits outstanding biocompatibility (cell viability over 87%), excellent autonomous selfhealing efficiency (>90%), and superior mechanical properties (2.95 and 69.57 times higher tensile strength and toughness than pure bioderived PDES). Furthermore, intrinsic ionic migration within the PDES and the pH-responsive property of the anthocyanin coating enable the sensor to bimodally detect human motion and sweat physiological information visualization, with a stable electrical output signal and a wide sweat visualization range (pH 3−12) both before and after selfhealing. This work provides new perspectives for the future skin-contact and implantable bioelectronics in medical diagnostics and healthcare.

A liquid-free conducting ionoelastomer for 3D printable multifunctional self-healing electronic skin with tactile sensing capabilities

“…Surprisingly, the breaking strength increased to 1.2 MPa, and the (f) Comparison of the LFCIg with previously studied materials in terms of recovery time and self-healing efficiency. 31,44,48,[54][55][56][57][58][59] The details are presented in Table S2 of the ESI. † (g) Self-healing process of ionogel.…”

Self‐Healing Stress Sensors: Coupling Stress‐Sensing Performance with Dynamic Chemistry

“…In addition, CNC can be immobilized at the interface of latex and water to form emulsion with homogeneous dispersion and stability. [109,110] On the basis of this 3D self-assembly strategy, a range of conductive nanofillers, involving synthetic polyaniline, [111] carbon nanotubes, [112] carbon black, [113] graphene, [114] and silver nanoparticles, [115] are already employed in the construction of conductive composites with tunable permeable network structure of 3D connections for conductivity, susceptibility and mechanics properties. High-sensitivity stress sensors coupled with self-healing capabilities are proven for enduring human-computer interaction applications thanks to effective 3D conductive pathways and interfacial supramolecular interactions (Figure 5b).…”

Zwitterionic Eutectogel-Based Wearable Strain Sensor with Superior Stretchability, Self-Healing, Self-Adhesion, and Wide Temperature Tolerance

“…Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which are composed of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), are a subgroup of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), also have the advantages of low volatility and ionic conductivity. , Furthermore, DESs usually are nontoxic, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. , Therefore, DES-based eutectogels are preferred alternatives to expensive ionogels and temperature-intolerant hydrogels, having become a research hotspot. , In recent years, eutectogels have shown a promising future in wearable sensors. − The formation of eutectogels is inseparable from the participation of gelators such as polymers, − nanomaterials , and low-molecular-weight gelators. − Polymer-based eutectogels are common for their excellent mechanical properties, processability, and moldability . For instance, Wang et al.…”