Self-healing hardware systems: A review

Khalil, Kasem; Eldash, Omar; Kumar, Ashok; Bayoumi, Magdy

doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2019.104620

Cited by 34 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Detailed analysis of self-healing systems in software and hardware is outside the scope of this Review and can be found elsewhere. [291,292] In terms of materials, if damage in materials of the robot is being detected, the system will judge the severity of injury and self-adapt. If severe, the system will switch to the broken state; if failure is small, the system will initiate self-healing and self-testing then recover to the normal state.…”

Section: Degraded State: Self-diagnosing and Self-adaptingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By controlling the inflation and deflation of voxel points of the structure with the help of an evolutionary algorithm, the robot can recover its locomotion capabilities after its legs are cut off. [289,303] For software and hardware system failures, the self-healing approaches are such as repair plans for healing, component interaction-based healing, redundancy techniques for healing, [291,292] etc., which includes the smart bioinspired embryonics self-healing method, [304] artificial hormone method. [305] Upon self-healing, the system will self-test the repaired parts by computing its reliability.…”

Section: Self-healing and Self-testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self‐Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics

et al. 2020

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self-repair in order to survive and thrive. Soft to hard tissues can self-regenerate when injured, including the skin and bones. [6] Some of the living tissues, such as nails and bones, can even continuously remodeling themselves, removing the damaged tissues unintentionally and replaced by newly grown tissues. However, unlike regenerative and remodeling capabilities in nature, robots are made from nonliving synthetic materials such as polymers and metals. Hence, as we develop robots to have greater autonomy and capabilities, having the ability to self-heal or self-repair is becoming more critical, if not, essential, especially from an environmental sustainability point of view. [2,[7][8][9][10][11] The term self-healing materials, also often referred to as self-mending or selfrepairing materials, are materials that can regain some or most of its original material properties when damaged. In synthetic materials, the self-healing materials repair their damage without regenerative origins. As these selfhealing materials undergo self-repair, they regain their original intended functions through the recovery of the desired material properties, without an increase in original mass.As the number of self-healing materials is growing at a rapid clip, we first establish a brief history in this review to help the reader gain a broader perspective on self-healing materials. We emphasize on self-healing materials that recover their mechanical properties, because mechanical properties often dictate the possible applications. Figure 1 highlights the various selfhealing materials from high modulus to low modulus materials that can be used for robotic applications.There are two broad classifications for self-healing materials: a) autonomic versus nonautonomic self-healing materials; b) intrinsic versus extrinsic self-healing. [8] These self-healing materials can recover their properties either autonomously, i.e., without significant external intervention, much like human tissues; or they can also heal with external intervention, such as when some external environment changes cause temperature increment or via various triggers such as mechanical stimuli. Intrinsic self-healing materials do not need external healing agents, while extrinsic self-healing materials contain external healing agents for the healing of the matrix materials. In addition to those classifications, we will provide new insights on classifying these materials further into this review.In Section 2, we discuss various types of smart biomimetic robots where self-healing materials can be beneficial. Section 3 Robots are increasingly assisting humans in performing various tasks. Like special agents with elite skills, they can venture to distant locations and adverse environments, such as the deep sea and outer space. Micro/nanobots can also act as intrabody agents for healthcare applications. Self-healing materials that can autonomously perform repair functions are useful to address the unpredictability of the environment and the increasing drive toward the autonom...

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Section: Degraded State: Self-diagnosing and Self-adaptingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Self-healing and Self-testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self‐Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics

et al. 2020

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“…The reliability is the ability of the circuit to implement the function within a certain period under the impact of stated conditions [6]. Thus, the reliability in the soft errors generally is the self-recovery ability of the circuit; it can be calculated by using the following equation [6]: R(t) = exp (-λt) (10) where is the Soft Error Rate (SER) occurring within a time interval and it can be obtained by the mathematical model of [25] and [26]. In this work, the neutron flux (0.00565 n*cm -2 s -1 at sea level from New York City) is used to calculate the SER ( ) value [25], [26].…”

Section: F Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2(b)), multiple (nine) CEs are firstly used to propose an SNU tolerance module by the interlocking approach, then such modules are further interlocked to design an MNU tolerance latch with self-recovery properties. Although the latches in [4] and [5] restore the flipped nodes depending on the correct nodes of the unaffected CEs (the advantage of self-recovery is that it mitigates the errors and recovers the function of a system to maintain the highest possible performance [6]), this technique obviously brings significant layout area and power overheads because a larger number of nodes and devices are used for tolerating MNUs. In order to achieve the reduction of the overheads, in this paper, a novel MNU tolerance (MT) latch with self-recovery properties is proposed based on the polarity of voltage pulse [1], [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Recovery Tolerance Latch Design Based on the Radiation Mechanism

Guo

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Digital latches are becoming more sensitive to Multiple-Node Upsets (MNUs) due to lower supply voltage and higher integration density of devices. The hardening technique based on using multiple C-Elements (CEs) (the CE acts as an inverter if its inputs are equal to each other, otherwise holds the highimpedance output) has been used to propose the MNU tolerance latches. However, it brings important hardware overheads. Based on the radiation mechanism, this paper proposes an MNU tolerance latch with self-recovery properties to prevent Singe Node Upset (SNU) and MNU propagation in the feedback loops, and providing the smallest overheads in terms of power, delay, rising time tr, falling time tf and Power-Delay-Area-Product (PDAP) metric compared with the existing MNU tolerance latches. INDEX TERMS Hardening, upset, tolerance, radiation-induced voltage pulse, latch.

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“…Dynamic reconfiguration is a highly computationally intense task and in some cases, the computational complexity increases with the size of programmable resources by exponential growth [3]. In order to avoid the combination explosion problem, researchers mimicked the behavioral pattern of multicellular organisms and developed bio-inspired selfrepairing hardware to solve complex computational tasks by local rules without any central control [4], [5]. As a reconfigurable, fault-tolerant system, bio-inspired self-repairing hardware is characterized by decentered architecture, distributed computing, and dynamic partial reconfiguration [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dynamical Evolution Approach to High Placement Performance and Low Fault-Tolerant Cost for Bio-Inspired Self-Repairing Hardware

Liu

2020

IEEE Access

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Bio-inspired self-repairing hardware is a reconfigurable system characterized by high fault-tolerant ability. To further increase the placement performance and reduce the fault-tolerant cost, a dynamical evolution approach to multi-objective dynamic placement is developed. A primary challenge for our study is computational complexity. Based on group theory, the computing task was divided on the dimensions of time and space to increase the utilization of online computing resources. By introducing the multi-step placement transformation, a discrete dynamical system model was built and the multi-objective dynamic placement was converted into a stability problem of constrained systems. In order to satisfy the dynamical requirements, an artificial particle system model was built and its evolution laws were verified by dynamic analysis. By simulating the evolution laws, a dynamical evolution algorithm was proposed, which could avoid large-scale iterative calculation used in the conventional optimization search algorithms. Experiments have shown that the dynamical evolution method could offer high placement performance with low fault-tolerant cost. Besides, it also has the advantage of high design flexibility since there is no initial placement constraint. INDEX TERMS Bio-inspired self-repairing hardware, dynamical evolution, placement performance, faulttolerant cost.

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Self-healing hardware systems: A review

Cited by 34 publications

References 23 publications

Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self‐Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics

Progress and Roadmap for Intelligent Self‐Healing Materials in Autonomous Robotics

Self-Recovery Tolerance Latch Design Based on the Radiation Mechanism

A Dynamical Evolution Approach to High Placement Performance and Low Fault-Tolerant Cost for Bio-Inspired Self-Repairing Hardware

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