Self-holograms of laser-induced surface depressions in heavy hydrocarbons

Abstract

Among applications of lasers in the petroleum industry are samples of heavy oils heated by a He-Ne laser beam. It is shown that laser power concentrations as low as 1 mW/mm(2) induce noticeable changes in the form of the surface. The far-field diffraction pattern of the reflected wave can be considered as a self-hologram of the hole, with the paraxial focus of the bottom of the hole as a point reference source. Annular images corresponding to different zones of the hole are reconstructed by illuminating the hologram with a spherical wave. A geometrical model of the shape of the irradiated surface is proposed and compared with experimental data.

Marangoni convection-driven laser fountains on free surfaces of liquids

“…1k, 1m and 1n) (2,3,10,14). We note that the magnitude of this effect is qualitatively different than previously reported surface depressions, which were too weak to be directly observed by the naked eye or ordinary photography (10,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). To understand these distinct deformations between deep and shallow liquids, we varied the liquid layer thickness while keeping the laser beam the same.…”

“…More rigorous theoretical treatments (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) and controlled experiments (10,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) were performed later with non-uniform surface tension created by either substrate heating or surface radiative heating. Besides these fundamental investigations, more cases have been investigated in enormous applications involving liquids or soft matters such as lithography and 3D printing (22)(23)(24), heat transfer and mass transport (19), crystal growth and alloy welding (25,26), dynamic grating and spatial light modulator (15,27), microfluidics and adaptive optics (19,(28)(29)(30).…”

Single droplet formation and crystal growth in urea solution induced by laser trapping

“…Here, as shown in (2) of Figure 2b, no apparent change in the CCD image was observed. Such surface depression has been reported and explained on the basis of inhomogeneous distribution of surface tension induced by local temperature elevation [14][15]. The authors have also confirmed such phenomena for the glycine and polymer solution layers [11,16].…”

Photothermocapillary Method for the Nondestructive Testing of Solid Materials and Thin Coatings

“…The quasi-stationary diameter of this ring is called the PTC signal, as shown in Figure 1 c. In fact, the PTC effect can be considered as a particular stage of a more general concentration-capillary effect, which was discovered by Bezuglyi in 1975 while irradiating the iodine solution with a mercury lamp [ 28 ]. In its classical form, the TC phenomenon was studied in the late 1970s while irradiating heavy oil fractions with a Helium-Neon (He-Ne) laser [ 29 , 30 ]. The PTC signal is called both the diffraction [ 28 ] and interference [ 30 ] patterns.…”