2019
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00326
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Self-Illuminating Agents for Deep-Tissue Optical Imaging

Abstract: Optical imaging plays an indispensable role in biology and medicine attributing to its noninvasiveness, high spatiotemporal resolution, and high sensitivity. However, as a conventional optical imaging modality, fluorescence imaging confronts issues of shallow imaging depth due to the need for real-time light excitation which produces tissue autofluorescence. By contrast, self-luminescence imaging eliminates the concurrent light excitation, permitting deeper imaging depth and higher signal-to-background ratio (… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(21 citation statements)
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“…Because of the elimination of background noise, autofluorescence-free imaging modalities not only permit ultrahigh sensitivity to monitor physiological or pathological parameters at the molecular level but also make possible deep tissue visualization of biological activities that is currently unavailable in conventional fluorescence imaging. 51 Molecular probes that interpret sophisticated biomolecular events into an optical readout with minimal background interference play essential roles in autofluorescence-free optical imaging. 52,53 Because of the versatility of autofluorescence-free imaging modalities, a dizzying array of molecular probes have been exploited that can be broadly categorized into smallmolecule probes and nanoscale probes (Table 1).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Because of the elimination of background noise, autofluorescence-free imaging modalities not only permit ultrahigh sensitivity to monitor physiological or pathological parameters at the molecular level but also make possible deep tissue visualization of biological activities that is currently unavailable in conventional fluorescence imaging. 51 Molecular probes that interpret sophisticated biomolecular events into an optical readout with minimal background interference play essential roles in autofluorescence-free optical imaging. 52,53 Because of the versatility of autofluorescence-free imaging modalities, a dizzying array of molecular probes have been exploited that can be broadly categorized into smallmolecule probes and nanoscale probes (Table 1).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Depending on the different molecular mechanisms of spontaneous emission, self-illuminating imaging modalities can be categorized as follows: (i) bioluminescence imaging, which relies on a light-emitting catalytic reaction between luciferase enzyme and luciferin analogues; (ii) chemiluminescence imaging, which is excited by a chemical reaction involving the decomposition of cyclic peroxides; (iii) Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CeLI), which leverages the luminescence of radionuclides during β-decay in living subjects; (iv) persistent luminescent imaging (PLI) and (v) organic afterglow imaging, which slowly release precharged photoenergy in the form of long-lasting luminescence; and (vi) ultralong phosphorescence imaging (UPI), which makes use of long-lived room-temperature phosphorescence. Because of the elimination of background noise, autofluorescence-free imaging modalities not only permit ultrahigh sensitivity to monitor physiological or pathological parameters at the molecular level but also make possible deep tissue visualization of biological activities that is currently unavailable in conventional fluorescence imaging …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Optical imaging that capitalizes on the detection of photons to decipher molecular and biological processes offers powerful tools for biology and medicine. However, as a commonly used optical imaging technique, fluorescence imaging requires real-time light excitation that induces tissue autofluorescence and consequently results in a compromised signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a reduced tissue detection depth, unfavorable for imaging sensitivity and specificity. , Hence, self-luminescence imaging approaches including chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and afterglow luminescence that require no real-time light excitation have attracted increasing enthusiasm in recent years to circumvent tissue autofluorescence. However, chemiluminescence and bioluminescence imaging rely on reactive species- and enzyme-initiated redox reactions to trigger luminescence, respectively. , Their imaging signals are easily perturbed by internal stimuli such as the enzymatic or redox microenvironment and the availability of the substrate. , In comparison with fluorescence, the afterglow luminescence only requires preillumination of afterglow agents; in comparison with chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, the afterglow luminescence requires no particular chemical mediator or exogenous enzyme, which highlights the advantages of the latter approach for biomedical applications. , …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Compared with NIR-II fluorescent small molecule dyes, SPNs usually have high photostability and facile synthetic procedure ( Zhou et al, 2020b ; Zhen et al, 2021 ). Until now, a variety of SPNs have been developed for fluorescence, PA, chemiluminecence and afterglow imaging of cancer, thrombus, inflammation, and liver injury ( Seo et al, 2016 ; Guo et al, 2017b ; Xie et al, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2017 ; Xie et al, 2018 ; Cui et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2019b ; Wang et al, 2019b ; Xu et al, 2019 ; Cui et al, 2020 ). In addition, some SPNs exhibit satisfactory photothermal conversion efficiency or singlet oxygen quantum yield under light irradiation, which is suitable for phototheranostics ( Yang et al, 2012 ; Feng et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2018a ; Lyu et al, 2018 ; Senthilkumar et al, 2018 ; Zhu et al, 2019b ; Zhang et al, 2020b ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%