“…Compared with NIR-II fluorescent small molecule dyes, SPNs usually have high photostability and facile synthetic procedure ( Zhou et al, 2020b ; Zhen et al, 2021 ). Until now, a variety of SPNs have been developed for fluorescence, PA, chemiluminecence and afterglow imaging of cancer, thrombus, inflammation, and liver injury ( Seo et al, 2016 ; Guo et al, 2017b ; Xie et al, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2017 ; Xie et al, 2018 ; Cui et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2019b ; Wang et al, 2019b ; Xu et al, 2019 ; Cui et al, 2020 ). In addition, some SPNs exhibit satisfactory photothermal conversion efficiency or singlet oxygen quantum yield under light irradiation, which is suitable for phototheranostics ( Yang et al, 2012 ; Feng et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2018a ; Lyu et al, 2018 ; Senthilkumar et al, 2018 ; Zhu et al, 2019b ; Zhang et al, 2020b ).…”