This work analyzes the benefits that physical activity could bring in a hard context such as the prison one. After an explanation of the fundamentals of the Italian Penitentiary System, essential to understand the possibilities that professionals that interact with that world have, the authors expose the psychophysical conditions that a prisoner suffers from the very first months of conviction. It will then be purposed a selected literature which shows how different physical activities could improve that conditions and, moreover, how they can be concretely useful for the aims of the prison sentence: re-education and re-socialization. These previous argumentations allow the authors to hope for greater attention to sports activities in prison and to lay the foundations for further empirical studies in the prison context. Key Words:Prison; physical activities; public health; conditions of detention Introduction: Italian Penitentiary System and physical activities in prison The purpose of the prison sentence in Italy is established by Article 27 of the Constitution and, it is intended as re-educative. Sports and recreational activities are provided by the Penitentiary System as tools to be implemented in re-education, but the problems interrelated with overcrowding and the architecture of prisons sites make the actual practice of these activities very arduous (Dolcini, 2016). It is reported that the detainees have experienced a worsening of their psychophysical conditions since the first months of imprisonment, and it has been verified that a greater onset of pathologies is related to the prison lifestyle (Testa & Federici, 2010). On the other hand, it has been shown that physical activity can make up many of the problems linked to a closed and sedentary life context. A general improvement in physical conditions and a greater mental well-being are related, in particular, to the performance of an activity in itself and to an increase in self-esteem. Several studies have also shown that sporting practice can be supportive in programs related to the inclusion and re-socialization of prisoners and, in general, in the decrease of the possibility of relapse(Martos-Garcìa et al., 2009b). Starting from what emerges by the current legislation about the treatment and re-education of prisoners in Italy, in line with the underlying principle of the restrictive penalties implemented, the Penitentiary Law in the law of 26th July 1975, n. 354, amended by the recent legislative decree 2ndOctober 2018, n. 123, in article 15, states textually that the treatment of the prisoner should avail, first of all,«education, professional training, work, participation in public utility projects, religion, cultural, recreational and sporting activities, all this by making appropriate contacts with the outside world and relations with the family" (Piarulli et al., 2018). In details, articles 59 and 60 of the aforementioned decree, concern with outlining recreational and sports activities which, in line with rehabilitative objectives, are included ...