Self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome in Japanese people: cross-sectional study

Abstract

ObjectivesTo examine the association between self-reported eating rate and metabolic syndrome.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAnnual health checkup at a health check service centre in Japan.ParticipantsA total of 56 865 participants (41 820 male and 15 045 female) who attended a health checkup in 2011 and reported no history of coronary heart disease or stroke.Main outcome measureMetabolic syndrome was defined by the joint of interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.ResultsIn multiple logistic regression models, eating rate was significantly and positively associated with metabolic syndrome. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) for slow, normal and fast were 0.70 (0.62 to 0.79), 1.00 (reference) and 1.61 (1.53 to 1.70), respectively, in men (p for trend <0.001), and 0.74 (0.60 to 0.91), 1.00 (reference) and 1.27 (1.13 to 1.43), respectively, in women (p for trend <0.001). Of metabolic syndrome components, abdominal obesity showed the strongest association with eating rate. The associations of eating rate and metabolic syndrome and its components were largely attenuated after further adjustment for body mass index; however, the association of slow eating with lower odds of high blood pressure (men and women) and hyperglycaemia (men) and that of fast eating with higher odds of lipid abnormality (men) remained statistically significant.ConclusionsResults suggest that eating rate is associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome and that this association is largely accounted for by the difference in body mass according to eating rate.

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

“…The subjects in the present study who assessed themselves as fast eaters tended to be overweight and obese, and indeed ate the test meal with a smaller total number of chews and shorter total meal duration than did the slow eaters. This is consistent with the findings of many previous studies of the relationships between the objectively and subjectively assessed eating speeds and the body composition and shape (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Previous studies have also demonstrated that fast eating induces overeating, and that overeating is related to weight gain due to the ingestion of a larger volume of food before experiencing satiety (22)(23)(24).…”

“…Cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies have provided strong evidence for fast eating inducing overweight (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The subjects in the present study who assessed themselves as fast eaters tended to be overweight and obese, and indeed ate the test meal with a smaller total number of chews and shorter total meal duration than did the slow eaters.…”

“…Slow eating, which involves chewing food slowly and thoroughly, is an effective strategy for preventing overweight and obesity, with many previous studies having found eating speed to be related to the body composition and shape (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). However, these studies were limited by their use of questionnaires to assess the eating speed.…”

“…The present study assessed eating speed both objectively and subjectively because it was unclear whether the subjective eating speed, as used in previous studies (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), actually reflects a subject's actual eating speed. The objectively assessed variables of eating speed, total number of chews and total meal duration were significantly negatively correlated with the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip.…”

The accumulation of healthy lifestyle behaviors prevents the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and older males

“…The accumulation of healthy lifestyle behaviors has been shown to be associated with the prevention of CVD, stroke, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia [15][16][17][18][19]. The clarification of the association between the adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors and the incidence of CKD may help to demonstrate the importance of lifestyle modification in CKD prevention.…”