Semi-automated versus highly automated driving in critical situations caused by automation failures

Strand, Niklas; Nilsson, Josef; Karlsson, MariAnne; Nilsson, Lena

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2014.04.005

Cited by 176 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Despite this, several studies have demonstrated that with automation, car drivers are less prepared for unexpected events [18,27]. Studies have also demonstrated that with automation, car drivers are more willing to engage in non-driving tasks such as in-vehicle entertainment, paying less attention to the road ahead [3,10,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jamson et al [11], however, suggested that this may not necessarily reduce their preparedness for unexpected events, as the studied drivers paid more attention to the road during heavy traffic. A recent study demonstrated that not only were drivers less prepared to handle unexpected events when driving autonomously, but that the greater the automation the worse they performed [27]. These somewhat contradictory results indicate a need for more research into how automation affects driver ability to control the vehicle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Driver behaviour and driver experience of partial and fully automated truck platooning – a simulator study

Hjälmdahl

Krupenia

Thorslund

2017

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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Introduction This paper builds our knowledge of truck driver behaviour in and experience of automated truck platooning, focusing on the effect of partially and fully automated truck platoons on driver workload, trust, acceptance, performance, and sleepiness. Methods Twenty-four male drivers experienced three conditions in a truck driving simulator, i.e., baseline, partial automation, and full automation: the baseline condition was driving with standard cruise control; partial automation was automated longitudinal control ten metres behind the truck in front, with the driver having to steer; and full automation was automated longitudinal and lateral control. Each condition was simulated in three situations: light traffic, heavy traffic, and heavy traffic plus fog. Results The experiment demonstrated that automation affects workload. For all workload measures, partial automation produced higher workload than did the full-automation or baseline condition. The two measures capturing trust, i.e., the Human Trust in Automated Systems Scale (HTASS) and Cooper-Harper Scales of Workload, Temporal Load, Situation Awareness, and Trust, were consistent and indicated that trust was highest under the baseline condition, with little difference between partial and full automation. Driver acceptance of both levels of automation was lower than acceptance of baseline. Drivers rated their situation awareness higher for both partial and full automation than for baseline, although both levels of automation led to higher sleepiness. Conclusions Workload was higher for partial than for full automation or the baseline condition. Trust and acceptance were generally highest in the baseline condition, and did not differ between partial and full automation. Drivers may believe that they have more situation awareness during automated driving than they actually do. Both levels of automation led to a higher degree of sleepiness than in the baseline condition. The challenge when implementing truck platooning is to develop a system, including human-machine interaction (HMI), that does not overburden the driver, properly addresses driver sleepiness, and satisfies current legislation. The system also must be trusted and accepted by drivers. To achieve this, the development of well-designed HMI will be crucial.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driver behaviour and driver experience of partial and fully automated truck platooning – a simulator study

Hjälmdahl

Krupenia

Thorslund

2017

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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“…As stated in 25 Horrey et al (2015) and in Lee and See (2004), the discrepancy between the driver's and the system's estimates of the 26 state of the world could result in operator-system conflicts, reduced trust in the system and, ultimately, system disuse. 27 That said, the way automation is designed and deployed (e.g., human-like driving assistance systems -Bifulco et al, 28 2008) strongly impacts on the effects, especially in terms of road safety (Strand et al, 2014). As a consequence, 29 research efforts in this field are being stepped up in every aspect, such as a-priori acceptability (Payre et al, 2014), the 30 driver's reaction in the event of automation failures (Strand et al, 2014), the influence of automation on the behaviour 31 of other unequipped vehicles (Gouy et al, 2014), and so forth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 That said, the way automation is designed and deployed (e.g., human-like driving assistance systems -Bifulco et al, 28 2008) strongly impacts on the effects, especially in terms of road safety (Strand et al, 2014). As a consequence, 29 research efforts in this field are being stepped up in every aspect, such as a-priori acceptability (Payre et al, 2014), the 30 driver's reaction in the event of automation failures (Strand et al, 2014), the influence of automation on the behaviour 31 of other unequipped vehicles (Gouy et al, 2014), and so forth. 32 Within the vast field of automation, longitudinal control of the vehicle has so far been one of the more widely 33 addressed aspects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Longitudinal control behaviour: Analysis and modelling based on experimental surveys in Italy and the UK

Pariota

Bifulco

Galante

et al. 2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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5This paper analyses driving behaviour in car-following conditions, based on extensive individual vehicle data collected 6 during experimental field surveys carried out in Italy and the UK. The aim is to contribute to identify simple evidence to 7 be exploited in the ongoing process of driving assistance and automation which, in turn, would reduce rear-end crashes. 8In particular, identification of differences and similarities in observed car-following behaviours for different samples of 9 drivers could justify common tuning, at a European or worldwide level, of a technological solution aimed at active 10 safety, or, in the event of differences, could suggest the most critical aspects to be taken into account for localisation or 11 customisation of driving assistance solutions. Without intending to be exhaustive, this paper moves one step in this 12 direction. Indeed, driving behaviour and human errors are considered to be among the main crash contributory factors, 13 and a promising approach for safety improvement is the progressive introduction of increasing levels of driving 14 automation in next-generation vehicles, according to the active/preventive safety approach. However, the more 15 advanced the system, the more complex will be the integration in the vehicle, and the interaction with the driver may 16 sometimes become unproductive, or risky, should the driver be removed from the driving control loop. Thus, 17 implementation of these systems will require the interaction of human driving logics with automation logics and then an 18 enhanced ability in modelling drivers' behaviour. This will allow both higher active-safety levels and higher user 19 acceptance to be achieved, thus ensuring that the driver is always in the control loop, even if his/her role is limited to 20 supervising the automatic logic. Currently, the driving mode most targeted by driving assistance systems is longitudinal 21 driving. This is required in various driving conditions, among which car-following assumes key importance because of 22 the huge number of rear-end crashes. 23The increased availability of lower-cost information and communication technologies (ICTs) has enhanced the 24 possibility of collecting copious and reliable car-following individual vehicle data. In this work, data collected from 25 three different experiments, two carried out in Italy and one in the UK, are analysed and compared. The experiments 26 involved 146 drivers (105 Italian drivers and 41 UK drivers). Data were collected by two instrumented vehicles. 27Our analysis focused on inter-vehicular spacing in equilibrium car-following conditions. We observed that (i) the 28 adopted equilibrium spacing can be fitted using lognormal distributions, (ii) the adopted equilibrium spacing increases 29 with speed, and (iii) the dispersion between drivers increases with speed. In addition, according to different headway 30 thresholds (up to 1 second) a significant number of potentially dangerous behaviours is observed. 31Three different car-following paradig...

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“…A característica intrusiva da automação ou a dificuldade de se contornar falhas técnicas sem a ocorrência de acidentes podem ser consideradoś obices para a concepção destes sistemas híbridos. Em um trabalho recente, Strand concluiu que os seres humanos são negligentes no monitoramento de sistemas automáticos, em especial em veículos automotivos altamente automatizados [10]. Apesar dessas dificuldades, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de controle compartilhado tem ganhado relevância em pesquisas mais recentes.…”

Section: Controle Compartilhadounclassified

Desenvolvimento E Simulação De Um Controlador Semiautônomo Baseado Em Inteligência Artificial Para Viaturas Militares: Aplicações Da Família De Blindados Guarani

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Ao Professor Marco Antonio Meggiolaro, pela oportunidade que nos permitiu desenvolver este trabalho. Sua valiosa orientação e o contato com suas fascinantes habilidades são experiências de extrema relevância para meu desenvolvimento acadêmico e profissional.Ao Professor Mauro Speranza Neto, por toda colaboração desde os primeiros passos deste projeto. Sua participação, além de ter sido fundamental para a execução do trabalho, conferem-lhe maior credibilidade.Ao Coronel Armando Morado Ferreira, admirável exemplo de Oficial do Quadro de Engenheiros Militares, por suas contribuições e principalmente pelos esforços que me permitiram ter a chance de encarar este desafio, reflexos da confiança em mim depositada.Ao Major Ricardo Teixeira da Costa Neto, pelas proveitosas discussões e sugestões em alguns encontros no IME. Sua presença na banca de avaliação deste trabalhoé um privilégio, por sua competência técnica reconhecida entre seus colegas e alunos.Aos A CAPES, pelo suporte financeiro.Ao Exército Brasileiro, instituiçãoà qual devo todas as minhas oportunidades de adquirir conhecimento técnico-científico. Espero conseguir retribuí-lo conforme as expectativas.A minha irmã Tamyres, pelo companheirismo, e aos meus pais Lourdes e Hebert, nobres exemplos de esforço e dedicação que me passaram os valores fundamentais para atingir este objetivo.A minha querida "quase esposa" Eliane, por todo amor, carinho, compreensão e serenidade nos difíceis e sacrificantes momentos em que a distância nos maltrata. Ao Criador, pela proteção e pela força que me permitiram trabalhar para vencer mais uma etapa. The purpose of this work is to investigate the use of Fuzzy Inference Systems to design an appropriate semi-autonomous control system for military vehicles, from which the choice of the automatic controller intervention level would be achieved. Basic concepts about the application of Fuzzy Inference Systems for the design of a weighted signal generator and about the Model Predictive Controllers theory are presented. These concepts were used for the implementation of the proposed semiautonomous control system. From the mathematical model of the vehicular dynamic system, results were obtained through simulated tests where the military vehicle was being operated in hazardous situations and in which the intervention of the automatic controller was necessary, e.g., in the presence of hostile enemy threats or in highly destabilizing maneuvers. The behavior of the controller's intervention variable is presented through its evolution curves and indicates its increase accordingly to the growth of the threat level to which the vehicle is exposed. The results are criticyzed, and it is concluded that the use of the proposed system will result in a qualitative increase in vehicle's safety, making it a more efficient military system, with greater operational capacity and enhancing the skills of its driver.

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Semi-automated versus highly automated driving in critical situations caused by automation failures

Cited by 176 publications

References 20 publications

Driver behaviour and driver experience of partial and fully automated truck platooning – a simulator study

Driver behaviour and driver experience of partial and fully automated truck platooning – a simulator study

Longitudinal control behaviour: Analysis and modelling based on experimental surveys in Italy and the UK

Desenvolvimento E Simulação De Um Controlador Semiautônomo Baseado Em Inteligência Artificial Para Viaturas Militares: Aplicações Da Família De Blindados Guarani

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