“…Byszewski [13] introduced nonlocal initial conditions into such abstract initial-value problems and argued that the corresponding models more accurately describe the phenomena since more information was taken into account at the onset of the experiment, thereby reducing the ill effects incurred by a single (possibly erroneous) initial measurement. Since then, many authors have continued this work in several directions and established existence theories for first-order nonlinear evolution equations [2,4,29], second-order equations [7], delay equations [7,28], Volterra integral and integro-differential equations [5,25], and differential inclusions [1]. Concrete nonlocal parabolic and elliptic partial (integro-) differential equations arising in the mathematical modeling of various physical, biological, and ecological phenomena, as well as a discussion of the advantages of replacing the classical initial condition with a more general functional, can be found in [13,21] and the references contained therein.…”