Semiotic Representation of Gender in Google Emojis: A Liberal Feminist Perspective

COVID-19 and the Gendered Use of Emojis on Twitter: Infodemiology Study

“…The other strength of this approach to quantifying emojis is that it illustrates significant differences in the number of emojis used to represent the different identified genders (see Table 1 ), so it is more accurate to take into account when calculating the percentages of each gender. Though there are several automated methods to code emojis into their assigned sentiments [ 37 ], our study uses a combined novel approach of semiotic analysis to understand the connotative and denotative emoji expressions [ 22 , 28 ] and manual sentiment analysis [ 38 ].…”

“…Although a plethora of research exists on emoji use itself, there is scarce scholarly knowledge that explores how gender norms, roles, and relations are represented within and perpetuated by emojis; instead, the bulk of previous research seems to be mostly focused on cross-cultural use of emojis, as previously indicated. During the beginning of emoji production, women were portrayed in stereotypical representations in emoji libraries; most activity-based emojis representing women were either brides or dancers, or exuded seductress characteristics [ 22 ]. Although the variations of smiley face emoji represent neither men or women, emojis were not always so gender neutral, though they were considered so when first released.…”

“…The results reiterated the idea of an emotional woman and an inexpressive man, and presented an interesting discussion about the blurring lines between the definitions of gender in emoji use, particularly the commonalities in employing humor by women and sarcasm by men [ 27 ]. In addition, Kalsoom and Kalsoom [ 22 ] used a semiotics approach and a feminist paradigm to map the meaning making potential of semiotic resources and critically examined stereotypical and professional women emojis. For example, the bunny girl emoji ( ) often refers to the objectification of women through a showgirl representation with costumes and dancing, while professional emojis highlight different professional roles such as scientist and doctor along different genders [ 22 ].…”

“…In addition, Kalsoom and Kalsoom [ 22 ] used a semiotics approach and a feminist paradigm to map the meaning making potential of semiotic resources and critically examined stereotypical and professional women emojis. For example, the bunny girl emoji ( ) often refers to the objectification of women through a showgirl representation with costumes and dancing, while professional emojis highlight different professional roles such as scientist and doctor along different genders [ 22 ]. Danesi [ 28 ] uses a similar semiotic yet nontechnical approach to understand meaning making through signs and symbols of emojis, which he terms as a rather generic tool.…”

Efficient Adsorption of Methyl Orange on Nanoporous Carbon from Agricultural Wastes: Characterization, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Regeneration and Adsorption Mechanism

“…In recent years, biochars synthesized from agricultural residues have been widely used as adsorbents to treat colored effluents due to their high porosity, high specific surface area and high adsorption capacity [5]. These biochars can be prepared by carbonization of any material containing a high proportion of carbon, such as wood [6], almond shells [7], coconut shells [8] or olive waste [9], by a high-temperature and long-duration pyrolysis treatment followed by chemical activation, or simultaneously with chemical activation [10]. Moringa oleifera is an abundant plant species in tropical and subtropical regions.…”