Semipalatinsk test site: Introduction

Grosche, Bernd

doi:10.1007/s00411-002-0141-z

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this present analysis, the risk of cardiovascular disease is described for the Semipalatinsk historical cohort, for which analyses have already been reported with respect to solid cancer mortality (11, 12). Between 1949 and 1989, more than 450 nuclear tests were conducted at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS), Kazakhstan (13). Areas inhabited by a total of more than 10,000 people northeast and southeast of SNTS were considerably affected by fallout mainly due to 118 atmospheric and surface nuclear tests carried out from 1949 to 1962.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960–1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The data on risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease due to radiation exposure at low or medium doses are inconsistent. This paper reports an analysis of the Semipalatinsk historical cohort exposed to radioactive fallout from nuclear testing in the vicinity of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan. The cohort study, which includes 19,545 persons of exposed and comparison villages in the Semipalatinsk region, had been set up in the 1960s and comprises 582,656 person-years of follow-up between 1960 and 1999. A dosimetric approach developed by the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been used. Radiation dose estimates in this cohort range from 0 to 630 mGy (wholebody external). Overall, the exposed population showed a high mortality from cardiovascular disease. Rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease in the exposed group substantially exceeded those of the comparison group. Dose–response analyses were conducted for both the entire cohort and the exposed group only. A dose–response relationship that was found when analyzing the entire cohort could be explained completely by differences between the baseline rates in exposed and unexposed groups. When taking this difference into account, no statistically significant dose–response relationship for all cardiovascular disease, for heart disease, or for stroke was found. Our results suggest that within this population and at the level of doses estimated, there is no detectable risk of radiation related mortality from cardiovascular disease.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960–1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, this study was conducted 7–9 years following the exposure [ 27 ]. People in northeastern Kazakhstan adjacent to the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site had been exposed to radioactive fallout after nuclear tests conducted by the former Soviet Union [ 28 ]. One study examined the sex ratio in the offspring of these people as an indicator of the radiation effect on reproductive health and did not find any significant changes [ 10 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Dose Radiation Exposure with 56MnO2 Powder Changes Gene Expressions in the Testes and the Prostate in Rats

Fujimoto

Amantayeva

Chaizhunussova

et al. 2020

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To investigate the biological effects of internal exposure of radioactive 56MnO2 powder, the major radioisotope dust in the soil after atomic bomb explosions, on male reproductive function, the gene expression of the testes and the prostate was examined. Ten-week-old male Wistar rats were exposed to three doses of radioactive 56MnO2 powder (41–100 mGy in whole body doses), stable MnO2 powder, or external 60Co γ-rays (2 Gy). Animals were necropsied on Days 3 and 61 postexposure. The mRNA expressions of testicular marker protein genes and prostatic secretory protein genes were quantified by Q-RT-PCR. On Day 3 postexposure, the testicular gene expressions of steroidogenesis-related enzymes, Cyp17a1 and Hsd3b1, decreased in 56MnO2-exposed groups. Germ cell-specific Spag4 and Zpbp mRNA levels were also reduced. On postexposure Day 61, the Cyp11a1 gene expression became significantly reduced in the testes in the group exposed to the highest dose of 56MnO2, while another steroidogenesis-related StAR gene mRNA level reduced in the 60Co γ-rays group. There were no differences in Spag4 and Zpbp mRNA levels among groups on Day 61. No histopathological changes were observed in the testes in any group following exposure. Expression in the prostatic protein genes, including CRP1, KS3, and PSP94, significantly decreased in 56MnO2-exposed groups as well as in the 60Co γ-rays group on Day 61 postexposure. These data suggest that the internal exposure to 56MnO2 powder, at doses of less than 100 mGy, affected the gene expressions in the testis and the prostate, while 2 Gy of external γ-irradiation was less effective.

show abstract

“…The explosions conducted on the surface and in the atmosphere greatly influenced the radiation exposure conditions mainly due to 90 Sr, 137 Cs and 239,240 Pu for several hundred thousand people. Five atmospheric tests of September 1949, September 1951, August 1953 and March and August 1956 contributed to more than 85% of the doses to the population near the nuclear site (Gusev et al 1997 ; Grosche 2002 ), including both external and internal components as estimated from environmental measurements and from calculations made on the basis on fallout trajectories. However, there was a considerable heterogeneity in exposures even in the same settlements, and thus uncertainty in the individual exposures.…”

Section: Scenarios Involving Incorporation Of Radionuclidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eurados review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for internal exposures to ionising radiation and their applications

Giussani

López

Romm

et al. 2020

Radiat Environ Biophys

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This work presents an overview of the applications of retrospective dosimetry techniques in case of incorporation of radionuclides. The fact that internal exposures are characterized by a spatially inhomogeneous irradiation of the body, which is potentially prolonged over large periods and variable over time, is particularly problematic for biological and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry methods when compared with external exposures. The paper gives initially specific information about internal dosimetry methods, the most common cytogenetic techniques used in biological dosimetry and EPR dosimetry applied to tooth enamel. Based on real-case scenarios, dose estimates obtained from bioassay data as well as with biological and/or EPR dosimetry are compared and critically discussed. In most of the scenarios presented, concomitant external exposures were responsible for the greater portion of the received dose. As no assay is available which can discriminate between radiation of different types and different LETs on the basis of the type of damage induced, it is not possible to infer from these studies specific conclusions valid for incorporated radionuclides alone. The biological dosimetry assays and EPR techniques proved to be most applicable in cases when the radionuclides are almost homogeneously distributed in the body. No compelling evidence was obtained in other cases of extremely inhomogeneous distribution. Retrospective dosimetry needs to be optimized and further developed in order to be able to deal with real exposure cases, where a mixture of both external and internal exposures will be encountered most of the times.

show abstract

Semipalatinsk test site: Introduction

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960–1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure

Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960–1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure

Low-Dose Radiation Exposure with 56MnO2 Powder Changes Gene Expressions in the Testes and the Prostate in Rats

Eurados review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for internal exposures to ionising radiation and their applications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About