Semitransparent OPV modules pass environmental chamber test requirements

Yan, Fadong; Noble, Jay; Peltola, Jorma; Wicks, Stephen J.; Balasubramanian, Srini

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2012.09.031

Cited by 57 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…[44] Nonetheless,a lthought he seasonal fluctuations in V oc and FF are marginal, they indicate that water has also diffusedi nto the devices; however, the quantities are small enough to avoid fully irreversible degradation over the testingd uration.O therwise, the ingress of water would decrease FF over time,w hich is negligible in our case. [35,45] After two years,t he MPPh as degraded by 13 %, which is the highest reporteds tability of PSC modules in an outdoor operational setting, to the best of our knowledge.T he lifetime of the device or the T 80 value-the time duration over which as olar cell can retain above 80 %o fi ts initialp erformance-is generally calculated by extrapolationo ft he linear part of the degradation curve ( Figure 6). Thed egradation trend extrapolated from the intermittent and outdoor measurements over two years resulted in T 80 values of 2.77 and 2.22years,r espectively,w ith goodness-of-fit (adjusted R 2 )v alueso f0 .995 and 0.619, respectively.T he latter is based on normalizedM PP to irradiance,a ss hown in Figure 6; hence,t he lower R 2 value is due to the spread in the data as ar esult of temperature,w ind speed, dust, and so forth are not taken into account.…”

Section: Outdoor Operational Stability Weathermentioning

confidence: 78%

Over 2 Years of Outdoor Operational and Storage Stability of ITO‐Free, Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Fabricated Polymer Solar Cell Modules

Angmo

Krebs

2015

Energy Tech

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We report on the stability of large‐area (100 cm2), low‐cost, indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)‐free modules over two years (>17 500 h) under outdoor operational conditions in Denmark and under indoor storage condition by following ISOS‐O‐3 and ISOS‐D‐2 protocols. Irrespective of the testing regimes (storage and outdoor), all modules maintain the maximum power point (MPP) above T80 (the duration over which a solar cell retains above 80 % of its initial MPP) over two years using a simple low‐cost packaging barrier with a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 0.04 g m−2 day−1, an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 0.01 cm3 m−2 bar−1 day−1, and a UV cut‐off at 390 nm. Unlike previous studies, localized degradation through edges and contact points in the modules are not overwhelming even after more than two years; therefore, the differences in degradation under long‐term outdoor and storage conditions could be probed. The results suggest that oxygen permeation may be mainly responsible for degradation under outdoor conditions, whereas WVTR has a larger bearing under storage conditions.

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Section: Outdoor Operational Stability Weathermentioning

confidence: 78%

Over 2 Years of Outdoor Operational and Storage Stability of ITO‐Free, Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Fabricated Polymer Solar Cell Modules

Angmo

Krebs

2015

Energy Tech

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“…[ 8,19,37,38 ] To overcome this problem, high barrier encapsulation materials with water vapor transmission rates (WVTRs) much lower than ≈10 −3 g (m 2 day) −1 are commonly used in order to achieve module lifetimes of several thousands of hours. [39][40][41] Conversely, the implementation of inverted device geometries in OPVs allows the use of noble metals such as gold and silver, thereby extending the effective life span of photovoltaic devices. [ 34 ] In this case, the device lifetime could be dictated by the diffusion of water or by photo-oxidation, depending on the degradation kinetics of the system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Ingress in Encapsulated Inverted Organic Solar Cells: Correlating Infrared Imaging and Photovoltaic Performance

Adams

Salvador

Lucera

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

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Understanding the degradation and failure mechanisms of organic photovoltaic devices is a key requirement for this technology to mature toward a reliable product. Here, an investigation on accelerated temperature and moisture long‐term stability testing (>20 000 h) of inverted and glass‐encapsulated poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester solar cells is presented. The degradation kinetics is analyzed using the Arrhenius model and the resulting activation energy for the diffusion of water is measured to be ≈43 kJ mol−1. Through comparison of electroluminescence imaging, lock‐in thermography, and photoluminescence mapping, the device performance is correlated with the loss of effective cell area and it is shown that the reaction of water at the hole extraction/active layer interface is likely to be the dominant cause for long‐term device failure. The diffusion of water through the packaged solar cell is described using classical diffusion theory. Based on an analytical solution of a simple diffusion model, the diffusion coefficient is estimated to be 4 × 10−12 m2 s−1. A shelf life of 100 000 h is anticipated at 65 °C/85% RH using a 9.3 cm wide protective adhesive rim. The findings of this study may inform strategies for predicting lifetimes of organic solar cells and modules based on local in situ tracking of moisture‐induced device performance loss using IR imaging.

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“…[ 8 ] Nevertheless, based on recent advances in the upscaling of OPV manufacture [9][10][11][12] it is reasonable to assume that the mass production of modules with an effi ciency of more than 5% is an achievable target today. Durability of OPV is however yet to be proven and demonstrated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime of Organic Photovoltaics: Status and Predictions

Gevorgyan

Madsen

Roth

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

137

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performance level, especially when considering large-scale mass-produced modules, is predicted to be signifi cantly lower. [ 8 ] Nevertheless, based on recent advances in the upscaling of OPV manufacture [9][10][11][12] it is reasonable to assume that the mass production of modules with an effi ciency of more than 5% is an achievable target today. Durability of OPV is however yet to be proven and demonstrated.Due to core architectural differences between OPV and inorganic technologies [ 13 ] the established testing standards of the latter are not applicable to the former. [ 1 ] Hence, for many years the stability testing of OPV has primarily been based on customized procedures that vary from one laboratory to another, generating incomparable data. [ 14 ] Moreover, due to the complexity of the OPV device architectures [ 15 ] and a multitude of aging mechanisms taking place at the same time [ 16 ] the aging curve of OPV often takes a complex shape, which is diffi cult to model, [ 14,17 ] thus making the identifi cation of a practical operational lifetime diffi cult or impossible. [ 18 ] As a result, even with a multitude of reported review articles discussing OPV stability [ 16,[19][20][21][22][23][24] at hand, it is still challenging to identify where the technology stands in terms of lifetime. To address this it is necessary to create a yardstick -a generic marker that allows accurate rating and comparison of the lifetime for OPV, and thus enabling the gauging of progress over time. An additional complication that has arisen due to the signifi cant improvements in OPV stability and durability in recent years is that the determination of OPV lifetimes has become an impractically long process, and establishing markers for both accelerated and real operational test conditions (if successful) would allow developing a prediction tool that could speed up the stability testing process and tackle this issue.The groundwork towards creating such a marker was laid in 2011 at the International Summit on OPV Stability (ISOS) where the ISOS testing guidelines were decided upon and described for OPV technologies. [ 18 ] These guidelines were primarily aimed at harmonizing testing procedures among different laboratories by offering a set of indoor and outdoor tests with controlled conditions. This has helped to reduce variations in the reported results, making the aging studies of different laboratories more comparable. [ 25 ] While the ISOS tests harmonized the test conditions, the questions of how to generically determine the lifetime from aging curves of diverse shapes, and how to build a technique for predicting the lifetime based on accelerated tests remained.The results of a meta-analysis conducted on organic photovoltaics (OPV) lifetime data reported in the literature is presented through the compilation of an extensive OPV lifetime database based on a large number of articles, followed by analysis of the large body of data. We fully reveal the progress of reported OPV lifetimes. Furthermore, a generic lifetime marker has...

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Semitransparent OPV modules pass environmental chamber test requirements

Cited by 57 publications

References 17 publications

Over 2 Years of Outdoor Operational and Storage Stability of ITO‐Free, Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Fabricated Polymer Solar Cell Modules

Over 2 Years of Outdoor Operational and Storage Stability of ITO‐Free, Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Fabricated Polymer Solar Cell Modules

Water Ingress in Encapsulated Inverted Organic Solar Cells: Correlating Infrared Imaging and Photovoltaic Performance

Lifetime of Organic Photovoltaics: Status and Predictions

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