Sensing of Carboxylate Drugs in Urine by a Supramolecular Sensor Array

Abstract

A supramolecular sensor array consisting of eight chemosensors embedded in a hydrogel matrix was used to sense carboxylate drugs. The discriminatory power of the array has been evaluated using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. The eight-member sensor array has been shown to accurately identify 14 carboxylates in water with 100% classification accuracy. To demonstrate the potential for practical utility in the physiological environment, analysis of carboxylate drugs in human urine was also performed achieving 100% correct classification. In addition, the array performance in semiquantitative identification of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been investigated, and the results show that the sensor array is able to differentiate six typical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at concentrations of 0.5-100 ppm. This illustrates the potential utility of the designed sensor array for diagnostic and environmental monitoring applications.

SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF EFFECTS OF TETRAALKYLAMMONIUM CATIONS ON F−-SENSING PROPERTIES OF CALIX[4]PYRROLE BORADIAZAINDACENE DYE

“…The association constants of these salts mainly depend on cation size effects and ion-pairing effects and were in the order K TMA+ > K TEA+ > K TBA+ . Thus, we speculate that both F − and tetraalkylammonium cations are concomitantly located above and below a bowl-shaped calix [4]pyrrole cup in an ion-paired complex, respectively. …”

“…Calix [4]pyrrole, as a pyrrole-derived macrocycle, was first reported as an efficient halide anion receptor by Sessler's group in 1996. 1 Since then, calix [4]pyrrole-based receptors have attracted an increasing attention to modulate the anion-binding affinity and selectivity of the parent calix [4]pyrrole.…”

“…1 Since then, calix [4]pyrrole-based receptors have attracted an increasing attention to modulate the anion-binding affinity and selectivity of the parent calix [4]pyrrole. [2][3][4][5][6] In general, calix [4]pyrrole derivatives are prepared to sense halide anions through hydrogen bonds 7,8 or the ion-pairing effect. 9,10 In an anion-sensing process, tetrabutylammonium (TBA + ) cation salts are readily utilized, yet the effects of various tetraalkylammonium cations have been largely ignored.…”

“…11 However, this effect in solution has not been studied in detail. As a result, we herein report the F --binding properties of calix [4] pyrrole boradiazaindacene (BODIPY) in CH 3 CN solution using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBA-F), tetraethylammonium fluoride (TEA-F), and tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMA-F) salts. Their sensing properties were investigated by UV-Vis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopies.…”

“…

A novel meso-tetracyclohexylcalix [4]pyrrole-based boradiazaindacene dye 3 was synthesized and characterized. F − -binding properties of the dye in the presence of tetrabutylammonium (TBA + ), tetraethylammonium (TEA + ), and tetramethylammonium (TMA + ) counter ions were investigated by UV-Vis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopies.

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