Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Titanium(IV) in Catalytic Adsorptive Mandelic Acid‐Chlorate(V) System on Renewable Silver Amalgam Film Electrode

Abstract

The renewable mercury film electrode, applied for the determination of titanium(IV) ultratraces using differential pulse catalytic adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (DP CAdSV) in the presence of mandelic acid as a ligand and chlorate(V) as an oxidant is represented. The calibration graph obtained for Ti(IV) is linear from 0.05 nM (2.39 ng L−1) to 95 nM (4.55 µg L−1) for a preconcentration time of 30 s, with correlation coefficient of 0.9995. For the renewable mercury electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) with a surface area of 8.6 mm2 the detection limit for a preconcentration time of 180 s is as low as 0.006 nM (0.29 ng L−1). The repeatability of the method at a concentration level of the analyte as low as 23.9 ng L−1, expressed as RSD is 1.8 % (n=5). The proposed method was successfully applied and validated by studying the certified reference material NWTM‐26.3 and simultaneously recovery of Ti(IV) from spiked samples.

Renewable silver amalgam film electrodes in electrochemical stripping analysis—a review

“…The Hg(Ag)FE has also been utilized for the CAdSV quantification of W(VI) in the form of a complex with catechol in the presence of a chlorate oxidizing agent [67] and of Ti(IV) with mandelic acid as a ligand and chlorate as an oxidant [68]. The methodology used to detect these two ions was adapted from similar procedures involving the HMDE.…”

Extraction Induced by Microemulsion Breaking and Square Wave Voltammetry: A Promising Union to Monitor Cd, Pb and Cu in Biodiesel

“…17 Moreover, metals could be present in vegetable oils coming from seeds, due to the availability of metals in the soil from pesticides and fertilizers. 58,59 The metals cited above as well as other elements like Zn II , V V , Mo VI , Ti IV , Te IV , Sn IV , In II , As III , U VI and Se IV can be determined using the HgGCE as WE, 29,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] although for many of them the determination is only possible in the presence of specific ligands and after applying adsorptive stripping voltammetry with a cathodic potential sweep. It is, therefore, important to assess the possible interference caused by them on the voltammograms of Cd, Pb and Cu since they could interact with the Hg film and appear in the potential window during the stripping step.…”

Simple and Fast Simultaneously Determination of In(III) and Ti(IV) Using Lead Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode by Stripping Voltammetry

“…Among stripping voltammetric methods, we can distinguish anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV), and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV), where AdSV was preferable to obtain a lower detection limit. According to the literature data there are a lot of AdSV procedures for determining Ti(IV) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] as well as for determining In(III). [20][21][22][23][24][25] However, simultaneous titanium and indium determination by adsorptive stripping voltammetry has not been studied yet.…”

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][23][24][25] However, restrictions connected with the toxicity of mercury 26,27 forced authors to search for solid (especially metal) film electrodes that would replace mercury electrodes. Therefore, the recently developed procedures for determining titanium and indium separately in environmental samples were performed using eco-friendly electrodes such as renewable mercury film silver based electrode Hg(Ag)FE, 7,9,20 lead film electrode (PbFE), 8,21 and bismuth film electrode BiFE. 10,11,22 The above-mentioned electrodes provide a wide range of useful potentials, mechanical stability, easily renewable surface, and effective preconcentration in stripping procedures.…”