“…Although many articles mention the influence of Nb on strain, grain size evolution, and anatase-to-rutile transformation, as well as the consequences for sensing devices, 17,19,20,25,26 little systematic research has been carried out in this field. Therefore, our work provides useful data for the technological improvement of TiO 2 -based gas sensor devices, as well as for the scientific understanding of the anatase-to-rutile transformation and the role of Nb doping in these mechanisms.…”