Sensitivity of
            <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>
            to Sanitizers Used in the Meat Processing Industry

Romanova, Nadya; Favrin, Stacy; Griffiths, Mansel W.

doi:10.1128/aem.68.12.6405-6409.2002

Cited by 85 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Genome-sequencing studies have revealed additional cadmium efflux systems on plasmids pLM80 of L. monocytogenes H7858 (23) and pLI100 of Listeria innocua CLIP 11262 (9) and, in the case of L. monocytogenes strain EGDe, on the chromosome (9). Preliminary studies in our laboratory suggested that BC resistance is also mediated by a plasmid-borne efflux system (7), even though chromosomal genes involved in multidrug resistance have also been implicated in acquired resistance to this disinfectant (21,26). One may speculate that the strains characterized in the current study acquired BC resistance determinants in addition to preexisting cadmium resistance plasmids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…To determine resistance to BC, the cell suspensions were spotted in duplicate on MuellerHinton agar (Mueller Hinton broth with 1.2% Bacto agar (Becton Dickinson and Co.), containing 10 g/ml benzalkonium chloride (Acros, New Jersey) and 2% defibrinated sheep blood (BBL, Sparks, MD). This concentration of BC (10 g/ml) was selected after evaluating the MICs for a panel of strains, including those reported to be BC resistant and BC susceptible (26), following the protocol of Soumet et al (28). Each plate contained the panel of test strains, as well as the designated positive and negative control strains.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies with L. monocytogenes isolates implicated in the 1998-1999 hot dog-related outbreak in the United States (2) revealed that some of the isolates were resistant to BC (26). Investigations in our laboratory have shown that BC-resistant strains from this outbreak were also resistant to the heavy metal cadmium and that the resistance determinants were harbored on a large (ca.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Heavy-Metal and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Environment of Turkey-Processing Plants

Mullapudi

Siletzky

Kathariou

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

118

115

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The resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to cadmium and arsenic has been used extensively for strain subtyping. However, limited information is available on the prevalence of such resistance among isolates from the environment of food-processing plants. In addition, it is not known whether the resistance of such isolates to heavy metals may correlate with resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds extensively used as disinfectants in the food-processing industry. In this study, we characterized 192 L. monocytogenes isolates (123 putative strains) from the environment of turkey-processing plants in the United States for resistance to cadmium and arsenic and to the quaternary ammonium disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). Resistance to cadmium was significantly more prevalent among strains of serotypes 1/2a (or 3a) and 1/2b (or 3b) (83% and 74%, respectively) than among strains of the serotype 4b complex (19%). Resistance to BC was encountered among 60% and 51% of the serotype 1/2a (or 3a) and 1/2b (or 3b) strains, respectively, and among 7% of the strains of the serotype 4b complex. All BC-resistant strains were also resistant to cadmium, although the reverse was not always the case. In contrast, no correlation was found between BC resistance and resistance to arsenic, which overall was low (6%). Our findings suggest that the processing environment of turkeyprocessing plants may constitute a reservoir for L. monocytogenes harboring resistance to cadmium and to BC and raise the possibility of common genetic elements or mechanisms mediating resistance to quaternary ammonium disinfectants and to cadmium in L. monocytogenes.Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a relatively rare but serious food-borne disease with symptoms such as stillbirths or abortions, septicemia, and meningitis or encephalitis. It has a high mortality rate (ca. 20%) for at-risk populations, which include pregnant women and their fetuses, neonates, and those who are elderly and/or immunocompromised (25). Strains of three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b) are associated with most human listeriosis cases. A substantial fraction of sporadic cases and the majority of food-borne outbreaks are due to serotype 4b strains (12,25). However, strains of serotype 4b tend to be underrepresented in foods, and the majority of food isolates are of serotype 1/2a or 1/2b (11,14,27). The environment of food-processing plants is considered to play a key role in contamination of processed ready-to-eat foods, and substantial evidence points to the ability of certain strains to colonize the processing-plant environment and to persist there, frequently over extended periods of time (for reviews, see references 12 and 13).Benzalkonium chloride (BC) and other quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are extensively used as disinfectants in the food-processing industry (19,22). Frequent use of BC and other QACs in food-processing plants may constitute a selective pressure for the emergence and establishment of resistance to these compounds among L. monocytogenes isolates...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Heavy-Metal and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Environment of Turkey-Processing Plants

Mullapudi

Siletzky

Kathariou

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

118

115

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“…Exposure to disinfectants commonly used in food processing plants, such as the quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride (BC), may provide selective pressures for disinfectant resistance with an accompanying increase in fitness within the processing plant environment. Several studies have investigated prevalence and mechanisms of BC resistance in L. monocytogenes (12,31,43,50). However, less is known about the behavior and response of nonpathogenic Listeria spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coselection of Cadmium and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance in Conjugative Transfers from Nonpathogenic Listeria spp. to Other Listeriae

Katharios-Lanwermeyer

Rakić-Martinez

Elhanafi

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Resistance to the quaternary ammonium disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC) may be an important contributor to the ability of Listeria spp. to persist in the processing plant environment. Although a plasmid-borne disinfectant resistance cassette (bcrABC) has been identified in Listeria monocytogenes, horizontal transfer of these genes has not been characterized. Nonpathogenic Listeria spp. such as L. innocua and L. welshimeri are more common than L. monocytogenes in food processing environments and may contribute to the dissemination of disinfectant resistance genes in listeriae, including L. monocytogenes. In this study, we investigated conjugative transfer of resistance to BC and to cadmium from nonpathogenic Listeria spp. to other nonpathogenic listeriae, as well as to L. monocytogenes. BC-resistant L. welshimeri and L. innocua harboring bcrABC, along with the cadmium resistance determinant cadA2, were able to transfer resistance to other nonpathogenic listeriae as well as to L. monocytogenes of diverse serotypes, including strains from the 2011 cantaloupe outbreak. Transfer among nonpathogenic Listeria spp. was noticeably higher at 25°C than at 37°C, whereas acquisition of resistance by L. monocytogenes was equally efficient at 25 and 37°C. When the nonpathogenic donors were resistant to both BC and cadmium, acquisition of cadmium resistance was an effective surrogate for transfer of resistance to BC, suggesting coselection between these resistance attributes. The results suggest that nonpathogenic Listeria spp. may behave as reservoirs for disinfectant and heavy metal resistance genes for other listeriae, including the pathogenic species L. monocytogenes.

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“…Plasmid based BC resistance mechanisms are reported by the various studies (131,186,187 (64,116,121,156). The prevalence of the resistance to these heavy metals varies among different serotypes of L. monocytogenes (127,128,129,147,155).…”

Section: Quaternary Ammonium Compound Bezalkonium Chloride (Bc) the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the mechanisms of resistance and potential cross resistance of Listeria monocytogenes upon adaptation to different antimicrobials

Rakić-Martinez¹

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to thank Dr. Vera Katić for being my mentor, not only through PhD studies, but in my undergraduate years as well. Her objectivity, articulate thinking and dedication to work inspired me to keep moving forward even after long, tiresome days in the lab. I will forever appreciate Dr. Katic's encouragement to pursue personal happiness and her support in important life decisions.I am forever grateful to Dr. Sophia Kathariou for accepting me in her lab and making me feel at home while far from it. Her incredible ability to find the best solutions when things were not looking promising and open completely new horizons along with her creativity and knowledge made science so attractive. Looking at all the great, bright and skilful young people pursuing their dreams under Dr. Kathariou's guidance makes me very proud for being a part of it.My appreciation also goes to Dr. Lepšanović and Dr. Mišić for accepting to be members of the committee. I am thankful to all my lab mates and to Ms. Robin Siletzky for her solid support throughout my work. A special thanks to Dr. Vikrant Dutta for his patience, willingness to help and his much admired teaching skills.Lastly and foremost I would like to thank my family. To my dear parents Ljubo and Zora whose unconditional love, support and presence whenever I needed them have been and will always be my motive to be better. To my big brother Zoran, who has been, and is my role model, but still owes me German lessons. Finally, I want to thank my boys, my beloved husband Sergio and my precious son Gregory, who have been an endless source of energy, support and love. Thanks for being my wingmen guys! ABSTRACTAbility to contaminate ready-to-eat, highly processed, cold-stored food products, relatively high fatality rate and environmental adaptations define .Listeria monocytogenes as a challenging foodborne pathogen of high public health significance. Listeria's adaptations and prolonged persistence in food processing facilities are a key link to contamination of foods.In recent years, bacterial multidrug resistance has been recognized as an emerging health challenge. Exposure to antimicrobials (antibiotics, disinfectants or environmentally ubiquitous heavy metals), may provide selective pressures for resistance with accompanying cross-resistance and increase in environmental fitness.In this work I addressed some of the possible mechanisms of adaptations that may contribute to persistence of L. monocytogenes in the environment as well as to survival and growth in different foods. This includes adaptations to heavy metals such as cadmium, disinfectants such as benzalkonium chloride (BC), selected antibiotics (e.g. the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin) and other toxic compounds (e.g. tetraphenyl-phosponium, often used as an anti-carcinogenic and efflux pump substrate). In order to characterize the impact of multidrug resistance on survival and growth of L. monocytogenes in different foods, we tested mutants adapted to higher concentrations of antibiotic ciprofloxacin and ...

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Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to Sanitizers Used in the Meat Processing Industry

Cited by 85 publications

References 20 publications

Heavy-Metal and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Environment of Turkey-Processing Plants

Heavy-Metal and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Environment of Turkey-Processing Plants

Coselection of Cadmium and Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance in Conjugative Transfers from Nonpathogenic Listeria spp. to Other Listeriae

Identification of the mechanisms of resistance and potential cross resistance of Listeria monocytogenes upon adaptation to different antimicrobials

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