Sensorimotor contingency modulates breakthrough of virtual 3D objects during a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm

Suzuki, Keisuke; Schwartzman, David J.; Augusto, Rafael; Seth, Anil K.

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.003

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These results seem to be at odds with Bayesian accounts of perception, but are in line with most previous reports regarding the influence of action on visual awareness [23,26,27,31] . According to Bayesian models of perception, the brain uses probabilistic information to optimise inferences about the state of the environment [38,39,60] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It was found that these movements lasted longer (i.e., the sphere was visible for a longer period of time) when the direction and speed of rotation were controlled by hand movements than when the subject had no motor control over the stimulus. However, more recent studies -using both binocular onset rivalry [23] and continuous flash suppression paradigms [26,27] -did not find increased access to awareness of stimuli whose rotation is congruent with manual actions. It is possible that these discrepancies are partly due to the use of different methods for presenting stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Forward optic flow is prioritised in visual awareness independently of walking direction

Motyka¹,

Akbal²,

Litwin³

2020

Preprint

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When two different images are presented separately to each eye, one experiences smooth transitions between them. Previous studies have shown that exposure to signals from other senses can enhance perceptual awareness of stimulation-congruent images. Surprisingly, despite our ability to infer perceptual consequences from bodily movements, evidence that action can have an analogous influence on visual experience is scarce and mainly limited to local (hand) movements. Here, we investigated whether one’s direction of locomotion affects perceptual awareness of optic flow patterns. Participants walked forwards and backwards on a treadmill while viewing highly-realistic visualisations of self-motion in a virtual environment. We hypothesised that visualisations congruent with walking direction would predominate in visual awareness over incongruent ones, and that this effect would increase with the precision of one’s active proprioception. These predictions were not confirmed: optic flow consistent with forward locomotion was prioritised in visual awareness independently of walking direction and proprioceptive abilities. Our results suggest that kinaesthetic-proprioceptive processing plays a limited role in shaping visual experience. This seems at odds with Bayesian accounts of perception but is in-line with Cancellation theories, which imply that crossmodal influences of self-generated signals are suppressed as a redundant source of information about the outside world.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Forward optic flow is prioritised in visual awareness independently of walking direction

Motyka¹,

Akbal²,

Litwin³

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nor do our learned associations correspond to temporally extended relationships between actions and sensory signals, such as when an object is rotated (e.g. Suzuki et al, 2019). As such, the sensorimotor predictions used here do not correspond to fully-fledged sensorimotor contingencies, but rather to simpler sensorimotor mappings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Voluntary action has been found to help disambiguate a bistable or otherwise ambiguous percept if the action is congruent with an aspect of that percept, e.g. when the direction of movement corresponds to the direction of moving dots (Beets et al, 2010;Di Pace & Saracini, 2014;Maruya, Yang, & Blake, 2007;Mitsumatsu, 2009;Suzuki, Schwartzman, Augusto, & Seth, 2019). A comparable effect has been found for proprioception, where correspondence between the target and proprioceptive information can bias or sharpen the visual percept (Butz, Thomaschke, Linhardt, & Herbort, 2010;Salomon, Lim, Herbelin, Hesselmann, & Blanke, 2013;Yon, Gilbert, De Lange, & Press, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sensorimotor predictions shape reported conscious visual experience in a breaking Continuous Flash Suppression task

Skora¹,

Seth²,

Scott³

2020

Preprint

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A growing body of work suggests that conscious experience and action are strongly intertwined. Recent accounts of predictive processing propose that conscious experience is influenced not only by passive predictions about the world, but also by predictions encompassing how the world changes in relation to our actions – that is, on predictions about sensorimotor contingencies. In this light, action emerges as an integral part of our experience of the world, shaping it in line with sensorimotor predictions.Motivated by this proposal, we tested the idea that valid sensorimotor predictions, such as learned associations between a stimulus and an action, shape conscious visual experience. We performed two experiments, leveraging instrumental conditioning to build sensorimotor predictions, linking distinct stimuli with simple actions (an index finger and little finger button press). Conditioning was immediately followed by a breaking continuous flash suppression (bCFS) task, measuring the speed of breakthrough into conscious awareness for different pairings between the stimulus and the prepared action; where the prepared action was congruent with the sensorimotor prediction, where it was incongruent with the sensorimotor prediction, where no action was associated with the stimulus, and where the stimulus had not previously been encountered (novel). In Experiment 1, counterbalancing of the bCFS task was achieved at the block level by having the same prepared action for each trial within a block, with action only differing between blocks. However, requiring repetition of the action within a block may have limited the action’s predictive salience. Experiment 2 avoided this repetition by counterbalancing the prepared action within blocks, thus maximising the predictive salience of the action. Analysis was conducted using mixed-effects modelling to assess the speed of conscious perception in the bCFS task. In Experiment 1, while the breakthrough times were numerically shorter for congruent than incongruent pairings, the analysis supported the null hypothesis of no influence from the sensorimotor predictions. In Experiment 2, the speed of access to consciousness was significantly faster for congruent than for incongruent or no-action pairings. A meta-analytic Bayes factor combining the two experiments provided further confirmation of this effect. Hence, we provide direct evidence for a key implication of the action-oriented predictive processing approach to conscious perception, namely that sensorimotor predictions directly shape our conscious experience of the world.

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“…Until now, it could not have been tested, as the available methods so far did not allow researchers to even probe pre-conscious processing of 3D items. Current methods are all based on screen-presented psychophysical manipulations, and are therefore limited to 2D, on-screen stimuli (for review, see Breitmeyer, 2015), or, recently, to virtual objects (Suzuki et al, 2019). Here, we use a novel variant of the Continuous Flash Suppression paradigm (CFS; Tsuchiya & Koch, 2005) we developed, termed "Real-life" CFS (Korisky et al, 2018) to uniquely suppress real, 3D objects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From 2D to 3D: enhanced access to human conscious awareness

Mudrik¹,

Korisky²

2020

Preprint

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Most of our interactions with our environment involve manipulating real, 3D objects. Accordingly, 3D objects seem to enjoy preferential processing compared with 2D images, for example in capturing attention or being better remembered. But are they also more readily perceived? Thus far, the possible preferred access of real, 3D objects to awareness could not be empirically tested, as suppression was only applied to on-screen stimuli; Here, using a variant of Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) with augmented reality goggles (“real-life” CFS), we managed to suppress both real, 3D objects and their 2D representations. In healthy young adults, real objects escaped suppression faster than their photographs. Using 3D printing, we also showed that this only holds for meaningful objects, while no difference was found for meaningless, novel ones. This suggests that the effect is uniquely mediated by affordances, shown here to be evoked by 3D objects even before these emerge to awareness.

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Sensorimotor contingency modulates breakthrough of virtual 3D objects during a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

Forward optic flow is prioritised in visual awareness independently of walking direction

Forward optic flow is prioritised in visual awareness independently of walking direction

Sensorimotor predictions shape reported conscious visual experience in a breaking Continuous Flash Suppression task

From 2D to 3D: enhanced access to human conscious awareness

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