2021
DOI: 10.3390/app11178198
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Sensors for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Review

Abstract: Experts confirm that 85% of the world’s population is expected to live in cities by 2050. Therefore, cities should be prepared to satisfy the needs of their citizens and provide the best services. The idea of a city of the future is commonly represented by the smart city, which is a more efficient system that optimizes its resources and services, through the use of monitoring and communication technology. Thus, one of the steps towards sustainability for cities around the world is to make a transition into sma… Show more

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Cited by 74 publications
(39 citation statements)
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“…For IoT-based solutions, the achievement of a higher scalability represents the possibility to efficiently collect and process increasingly larger amounts of data, which often leads to a higher accuracy in data analysis and often enables real-time or near real-time processing [114]. These aspects imply important social involvement, for instance, in security and resilience, since they allow the building of more resilient tools that are able to perform real-time analysis and simulations, e.g., those used by local public authorities for early warnings and alerts in critical events, such as disaster management [99] and resilience planning. Moreover, many IoT solutions are still oriented toward traditional programming environments, while the most recent trends show an advancement in the exploitation of visual paradigm languages (VPL) [15,32], including Node-RED, for implementing workflows for IoT applications.…”
Section: Discussion On Recent Trends Open Challenges and Future Direc...mentioning
confidence: 99%
See 3 more Smart Citations
“…For IoT-based solutions, the achievement of a higher scalability represents the possibility to efficiently collect and process increasingly larger amounts of data, which often leads to a higher accuracy in data analysis and often enables real-time or near real-time processing [114]. These aspects imply important social involvement, for instance, in security and resilience, since they allow the building of more resilient tools that are able to perform real-time analysis and simulations, e.g., those used by local public authorities for early warnings and alerts in critical events, such as disaster management [99] and resilience planning. Moreover, many IoT solutions are still oriented toward traditional programming environments, while the most recent trends show an advancement in the exploitation of visual paradigm languages (VPL) [15,32], including Node-RED, for implementing workflows for IoT applications.…”
Section: Discussion On Recent Trends Open Challenges and Future Direc...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As for smart water, sensing devices that are devoted to the assessment of water quantity and quality typically measure parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, etc. [99]. Electromagnetic and ultrasonic sensors are employed to measure the pressure for water consumption rate analysis [100].…”
Section: Smart Environmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The proliferation of smart city initiatives across Europe, is creating a number of urban ‘living labs’ where pilot projects can be tested and evaluated. Outside Europe, Asia, and America are the continents with the largest number of Smart City implementations reported [ 25 ]. High-income countries, such as the United States and China, have a high number of smart city deployments in different locations.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%