“…Among vanadium oxides, vanadium pentoxide V 2 O 5 , which has the highest oxygen content 1 , is of paramount importance since its properties are highly sensitive to external factors, so it is used in photocatalysts 2 , chemical actuators 3 , optical fibers 4 , gas sensors 5 – 7 , and electrochromic devices 8 . The structure of V 2 O 5 is best described as an arrangement of square pyramid VO 5 units forming layers, which enables high ion storage capacity for batteries 9 – 12 .…”