Background: Pharmaceuticals’ relative effectiveness has come to the fore in
the policy arena, reflecting the need to understand how relative efficacy (what can work)
translates into added benefit in routine clinical use (what does work). European payers
and licensing authorities assess value for money and post-launch benefit–risk profiles,
and efforts to standardize assessments of relative effectiveness across the European Union
(EU) are under way. However, the ways that relative effectiveness differs across EU
healthcare settings are poorly understood.Methods: To understand which factors influence differences in relative
effectiveness, we developed an analytical framework that treats the healthcare system as a
health production function. Using evidence on breast cancer from England, Spain, and
Sweden as a case study, we investigated the reasons why the relative effectiveness of a
new drug might vary across healthcare systems. Evidence was identified from a literature
review and national clinical guidance.Results: The review included thirteen international studies and thirty
country-specific studies. Cross-country differences in population age structure,
deprivation, and educational attainment were consistently associated with variation in
outcomes. Screening intensity appeared to drive differences in survival, although the
impact on mortality was unclear.Conclusions: The way efficacy translates into relative effectiveness across
health systems is likely to be influenced by a range of complex and interrelated factors.
These factors could inform government and payer policy decisions on ways to optimize
relative effectiveness, and help increase understanding of the potential transferability
of data on relative effectiveness from one health system to another.