Economists and social scientists alike have long been concerned with studying the impact of language on economic outcomes such as growth (Easterly & Levine, 1997, growth in African countries), public policies (Alesina et al., 1999, public goods), as well as conflicts and wars (Collier & Hoeffler, 1998;Laitin, 2000 on language and violence). 1 Special emphasis has been given to the case of multilingual societies, which provide extraordinary challenges with crucial economic implications.1 For a recent survey, see Ginsburgh and Weber (2020).