Separating effects of changes in atmospheric composition, climate and land-use on carbon sequestration of U.S. Mid-Atlantic temperate forests

Pan, Yude; Birdsey, Richard A.; Hom, John; McCullough, Kevin J.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.049

Cited by 84 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…This estimate was calculated for the years 1950-1995 by running the terrestrial ecosystem model, which incorporates spatially explicit ozone exposures, vegetation distribution, and empirical ozone response equations for trees and crops. The magnitude of this estimated loss compared favorably with other modeling estimates at different scales (35,37). There are many uncertainties, including comparing past ozone exposures to future ozone exposures, unknown variability of response between various species, and future management of crops and forests.…”

Section: Us Anthropogenic Emissions Of Nhmentioning

confidence: 61%

Climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen

Pinder

Davidson²,

Goodale³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

110

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Fossil fuel combustion and fertilizer application in the United States have substantially altered the nitrogen cycle, with serious effects on climate change. The climate effects can be short-lived, by impacting the chemistry of the atmosphere, or long-lived, by altering ecosystem greenhouse gas fluxes. Here we develop a coherent framework for assessing the climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen emissions, including oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). We use the global temperature potential (GTP), calculated at 20 and 100 y, in units of CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 e), as a common metric. The largest cooling effects are due to combustion sources of oxides of nitrogen altering tropospheric ozone and methane concentrations and enhancing carbon sequestration in forests. The combined cooling effects are estimated at −290 to −510 Tg CO 2 e on a GTP 20 basis. However, these effects are largely short-lived. On a GTP 100 basis, combustion contributes just −16 to −95 Tg CO 2 e. Agriculture contributes to warming on both the 20-y and 100-y timescales, primarily through N 2 O emissions from soils. Under current conditions, these warming and cooling effects partially offset each other. However, recent trends show decreasing emissions from combustion sources. To prevent warming from US reactive nitrogen, reductions in agricultural N 2 O emissions are needed. Substantial progress toward this goal is possible using current technology. Without such actions, even greater CO 2 emission reductions will be required to avoid dangerous climate change.C ombustion, fertilizer use, and biological nitrogen fixation transform inert N 2 into reactive nitrogen-forms of N that are chemically, biologically, or radiatively active (1). Reactive nitrogen includes oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), ammonia (NH 3 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). NO x is largely from combustion, whereas NH 3 and N 2 O are largely from agriculture. These compounds can impact the climate in a myriad of interconnected ways. NH 3 and NO x contribute to climate change indirectly. They alter the production and loss of climate forcers, atmospheric constituents that perturb the Earth's energy balance by trapping heat (greenhouse gases) or scattering incoming solar energy (aerosols). NO x impacts greenhouse gases by (i) increasing the formation of ozone, contributing to warming, and (ii) increasing the removal of methane (CH 4 ), contributing to cooling. Both NO x and NH 3 can enhance light-scattering aerosols. When deposited out of the atmosphere into ecosystems, reactive N can stimulate plant growth and alter the uptake of greenhouse gases. N 2 O has a direct effect on climate change; it is a powerful greenhouse gas. These climate change impacts are summarized in Table 1.Previous studies have examined a subset of these impacts on atmospheric climate forcers (2-4) and greenhouse gas fluxes (5-9). A few studies have assessed the combined impacts on a global (10) and European (11) scale. However, prior efforts have not specifically assessed the impacts of US react...

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Section: Us Anthropogenic Emissions Of Nhmentioning

confidence: 61%

Climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen

Pinder

Davidson²,

Goodale³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is commonly called "carbon dioxide fertilization." There is already some evidence for increased forest growth in the eastern United States (Cole et al 2010, McMahon et al 2010, Pan et al 2009), but it remains unclear if long-term enhanced growth can be sustained (Bonan 2008, Foster et al 2010. Nutrient and water availability, ozone pollution, and tree age and size all play major roles in the ability of trees to capitalize on carbon dioxide fertilization (Ainsworth and Long 2005).…”

Section: Increases In Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Central Appalachians forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the Central Appalachians Climate Change Response Framework project

Butler¹,

Iverson²,

Thompson³

et al. 2015

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Forest ecosystems across the Central Appalachians will be affected directly and indirectly by a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of nine forest ecosystems in the Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest-Coniferous Forest-Meadow and Eastern Broadleaf Forest Provinces of Ohio, West Virginia, and Maryland for a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and described a range of projected future climates. This information was used to parameterize and run multiple vegetation impact models, which provided a range of potential tree responses to climate. Finally, we brought these results before a multidisciplinary panel of scientists, land managers, and academics familiar with the forests of this region to assess ecosystem vulnerability through a formal consensus-based expert elicitation process.The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major forest trends and stressors currently threatening forests in the region. Observed trends in climate over the past century reveal that average minimum temperatures have increased in the area, particularly in summer and fall. Precipitation has also increased in the area, particularly in fall. Projected climate trends for the next 100 years using downscaled global climate model data indicate a potential increase in mean annual temperature of 2 to 8 °F for the assessment area. Projections for precipitation indicate increases in winter and spring precipitation, and summer and fall precipitation projections vary by scenario. We identified potential impacts on forests by incorporating these future climate projections into three forest impact models (DISTRIB, LINKAGES, and LANDIS PRO). Model projections suggest that many mesic species, including American beech, eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, red spruce, and sugar maple may fare worse under future conditions, but other species such as eastern redcedar may benefit from projected changes in climate. Published literature on climate impacts related to wildfire, invasive species, and forest pests and diseases also contributed to the overall determination of climate change vulnerability.We assessed vulnerability for nine forest ecosystems in the assessment area. The assessment was conducted through a formal elicitation process of 19 science and management experts from across the area, who considered vulnerability in terms of the potential impacts on a forest ecosystem and the adaptive capacity of the ecosystem. Appalachian (hemlock)/northern hardwood forests, large stream floodplain and riparian forests, small stream riparian forests, and spruce/fir forests were determined to be the most vulnerable ecosystems. Dry/mesic oak forests and dry oak and oak/pine forests and woodlands were perceived as less vulnerable to projected changes in climate. These projected changes in climate and the associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for economically valuable ti...

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“…Variações no carbono sequestrado na paisagem resultam de alterações do clima, da concentração de CO 2 atmosférico e da deposição de azoto (PAN et al, 2009). No entanto, a uma escala temporal histórica, as alterações da cobertura e do uso do solo são a principal causa das alterações na quantidade de carbono fixado na paisagem (CASPERSEN et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Alterações na paisagem e sequestro de carbono na freguesia de deilão, nordeste de Portugal

2014

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RESUMO -Estimaram-se estoques de carbono ao nível da paisagem ao longo dos últimos 48 anos na freguesia de Deilão (4.197 ha), Distrito de Bragança, Nordeste de Portugal, com o objectivo de analisar a dinâmica do carbono sequestrado numa paisagem em transformação. Construíram-se cartas de uso do solo com base em coberturas aerofotográficas de 1958, 1968, 1980, 1992 e 2006. A classificação do uso do solo foi baseada no sistema COS2005 (Instituto Geográfico Português), sendo a estrutura da paisagem descrita por métricas da paisagem. A biomassa viva e a folhada, bem como os estoques de carbono foram estimados com base em equações de biomassa e carbono e em dados de inventários. A freguesia de Deilão apresentava sinais de abandono, com redução da área agrícola e aumento da área florestal. O carbono sequestrado aumentou de 20.572 tC em 1958 para 75.449 tC em 2006, alteração essa que corresponde a um incremento de 267% durante o período de tempo considerado. Corresponde também a uma taxa média anual de sequestro de 0,27 tC/ha/ano à escala da paisagem. As alterações recentes da paisagem na freguesia de Deilão são acompanhadas pelo aumento muito significativo do carbono fixado na paisagem.Palavras-chave: Sequestro de carbono; Alteração da paisagem; Abandono da agricultura. 1958, 1968, 1980, 1992 and 2006 LANDSCAPE CHANGES AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN THE DEILÃO PARISH, NORTHEASTERN PORTUGAL ABSTRACT -We estimated carbon stocks at the landscape level over the last 48 years in the Deilão Parish (4.197ha), Bragança District, Northeastern Portugal, with the purpose of analyzing carbon sequestration dynamics in this changing landscape. We created land use GIS coverages from aerial photographs from

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Separating effects of changes in atmospheric composition, climate and land-use on carbon sequestration of U.S. Mid-Atlantic temperate forests

Cited by 84 publications

References 71 publications

Climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen

Climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen

Central Appalachians forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment and synthesis: a report from the Central Appalachians Climate Change Response Framework project

Alterações na paisagem e sequestro de carbono na freguesia de deilão, nordeste de Portugal

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