Sequence analysis of the conserved protamine gene cluster shows that it contains a fourth expressed gene

Abstract

Structural data are presented on the protamine gene cluster (PGC) of human, mouse, rat, and bull. By restriction mapping we demonstrate that the organization of the protamine cluster is conserved throughout all four species, i.e., the genes are situated in a head to tail arrangement in the order: protamine l‐protamine 2‐transition protein 2. Further, we established the nucleotide sequence of the entire human PGC (25 kb in total) and the 3′ portion of the rat protamine cluster (PRM2 and TNP2 genes and intergenic region). In addition, a 1 kb fragment of the bovine and murine protamine cluster, situated between PRM2 and TNP2, was sequenced. This fragment is conserved regarding sequence, position, and orientation in all species examined, and was classified as likely coding region by gene recognition program GRAIL. Using the rat fragment as a probe in RNA blots, we detected a testis‐specific signal of about 0.5 kb. Finally, we demonstrate a high density of Alu elements, both full and fragmented copies, in the human PGC and discuss their localization with respect to evolutionary and functional aspects. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The CIS/JAB family: novel negative regulators of JAK signaling pathways

“…41,42 IFN␤ has no inducible effect. The promoter region of JAB contains potential GAS motifs, 43 suggesting the involvement of STAT1 in the induction of JAB by IFN␥. Previously, JAB was reported to be induced by IL6 in mouse liver and M1 cells, suggesting that JAB is a negative feedback regulator of IL6/STAT3.…”

Protamine 3 expressions in crossbred bull spermatozoa may not be a prognostic marker for differentiating good and poor quality semen

“…The expression of the PRM3 gene sequence was first reported in rat testis (Singh and Rao, 1988), located in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus (Kleene, 1989). The genomic sequences of the PRM1 and PRM2 genes are organized in the form of a loop domain together with the transition protein 2 gene (TNP2) and a sequence called PRM3 (Choudhary et al, 1995;Schluter et al, 1996;Singh and Rao, 1988;Krawetz and Dixon, 1988;Wykes and Krawetz, 2003;Nelson and Krawetz, 1993). Due to their spatial organization, they may allow a coordinated expression of these genes during spermiogenesis.…”

“…Due to their spatial organization, they may allow a coordinated expression of these genes during spermiogenesis. In humans, while the protamine (PRM1 and PRM2) and transition protein (TNP2) genes are expressed at high levels, the potential role of PRM3 is expressed at very low levels (Schluter et al, 1996;Singh and Rao, 1988;Krawetz and Dixon, 1988). The predicted amino-acid sequence of PRM3 is not at all related to other protamines, as it lacks arginine clusters and, instead, is rich in glutamic acid.…”

“…In bovine, PRM1, PRM2, and TNP2 genes encode basic chromosomal proteins and are located in a compact gene cluster as observed in mouse, rat and human (Balhorn et al, 2000;Engel et al, 1992;Ferraz et al, 2010;Schluter et al, 1992;Singh and Rao, 1988;Le Lannic et al, 1993). The protamine gene cluster contains a fourth gene, designed protamine 3 (PRM3), located between the PRM2 and TNP2 genes in rat, human and mouse (Singh and Rao, 1988;Schluter and Engel, 1995;Kramer and Krawetz, 1998;Cho et al, 2001;Schluter et al, 1996). The timing of PRM3 mRNA translation is developmentally regulated in spermiogenesis and it codes for a small intronless protein localized in the cytoplasm of elongated spermatids (Kleene, 1989;Schluter et al, 1996).…”

“…The protamine gene cluster contains a fourth gene, designed protamine 3 (PRM3), located between the PRM2 and TNP2 genes in rat, human and mouse (Singh and Rao, 1988;Schluter and Engel, 1995;Kramer and Krawetz, 1998;Cho et al, 2001;Schluter et al, 1996). The timing of PRM3 mRNA translation is developmentally regulated in spermiogenesis and it codes for a small intronless protein localized in the cytoplasm of elongated spermatids (Kleene, 1989;Schluter et al, 1996). It has also been established that the PRM3 gene is conserved in diverse mammalian species including bovine and PRM3 -/-knockout experiment showed a reductions in sperm motility of male mice, lacking PRM3 protein, without compromising their fertility (Kleene, 1989).…”