Serious fungal disease incidence and prevalence in Indonesia

Abstract

Background Indonesia is a tropical country, warm and humid, with numerous environmental fungi. Data on fungal disease burden help policymakers and clinicians. Objectives We have estimated the incidence and prevalence of serious fungal diseases. Methods We found all published and unpublished data and estimated the incidence and prevalence of fungal diseases based on populations at risk. HIV data were derived from UNAIDS (2017), pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) data from 2013–2019, data on chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) were used to estimate CPA prevalence and likely deaths, COPD data from Hammond (2020), lung cancer incidence was from Globocan 2018, and fungal rhinosinusitis was estimated using community data from India. Results Overall ~7.7 million Indonesians (2.89%) have a serious fungal infection each year. The annual incidence of cryptococcosis in AIDS was 7,540. Pneumocystis pneumonia incidence was estimated at 15,400 in HIV and an equal number in non‐HIV patients. An estimated 1% and 0.2% of new AIDS patients have disseminated histoplasmosis or Talaromyces marneffei infection. The incidence of candidaemia is 26,710. The annual incidence of invasive aspergillosis was estimated at 49,500 and the prevalence of CPA is at 378,700 cases. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis prevalence in adults is estimated at 336,200, severe asthma with fungal sensitisation at 443,800, and fungal rhinosinusitis at 294,000. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is estimated at 5 million/year (15–50 years old). The incidence of fungal keratitis around 40,050. Tinea capitis prevalence in schoolchildren about 729,000. Conclusions Indonesia has a high burden of fungal infections.

Updated estimation of the burden of fungal disease in Vietnam

“…Based on these reported figures, we estimated approximately 451 cases of CM (0.5/100,000 annually), with 361 in the HIV group and 90 in the non‐HIV group. PCP was expected to affect 1030 cases (1.1/100,000) and disseminated histoplasmosis 166 cases (0.2/100,000) 30,31 …”

Microbial Normal Flora: Its Existence And Their Contribution To Homeostasis

“…Anatomically, the evolution and growth of the respiratory system is a complex multistage sequences that happens continuously, the sequence of episodes that took place pre-natally and also post-natally [36,37]. This maturation process rely, in part, on exposure to microbial, fungal and environmental conditions [38], including diets [13], and in turn results in a highly specialized organ properties [38]. Those properties contains several recognizable milleu, each of which is subjected to specialized microbial, cellular and physiological gradients [39].…”

Uji Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Etanol Buah Tin (Ficus carica L.) terhadap Aspergillus niger

“…Lebih dari 1,000,000 terinfeksi jamur invasif aspergillosis dengan resiko kematian diperkirakan lebih dari 500,000 dan lebih dari 750,000 terinfeksi jamur invasif candidiasis dengan resiko kematian diperkirakan lebih dari 350,000 (1). Di Indonesia diperkirakan Jumlah pasien yang mengalami infeksi jamur yang serius lebih dari 7,7 juta orang pada setiap tahunnya, sebagian besar disebabkan oleh tuberkulosis paru, HIV/AIDS, penerima transplantasi organ, dll (2).…”