Sero-epidemiological survey for toxoplasmosis in wild New World monkeys (Cebus spp.; Alouatta caraya) at the Paraná river basin, Paraná State, Brazil

Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) from an ecological station in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

“…Probably, other variables, i.e., type of food, water source or rodents' predatism could present significative association, but these information were not available. These data corroborate with those presented by Garcia et al (2005), and in these colonies the distribution of the infection could be associated to other epidemiological data.…”

“…The prevalence found in this study was lower than that observed by Garcia et al (2005) in Paraná, Brazil [13/43 (30.2%)], Sanchis et al (1972) in São Paulo, Brazil [3/5 (60%)], and Leite et al (2008) in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil [4/13 (30.8%), but higher than 0% (0/10) observed by Cadavid et al (1991) in Medellín, Colombia. The low prevalence in the present study could be due the low or dispersed distribution of oocysts of T. gondii shed by wild felids in the environmental where monkeys were exposed, being infected by the ingestion of fruits, insects, or tissue cysts by predation of birds and rodents (Leite et al 2008).…”

“…Comparing with other studies, using other nonhuman primates than tufted capuchin monkeys, different prevalence were observed by Garcia et al (2005) studying black and golden howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya (3/17, 17.6%), by Cadavid et al (1991) studying Cebus albifrons (9/22, 40.9%) Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) from an ecological station in Brazil and C. capucinus (2/15, 13.3%), by Sanchis et al (1972) studying Alouatta fusca (5/12, 41.7%), by Li et al (2010) studying bred cynomolgus monkeys, Macaca fascicularis (5/360, 1.4%) in China, and by Ekanayake et al (2004) studying toque macaques, M. sinica, (21/170, 12%) in Sri Lanka.…”

“…Both Ekanayake et al (2004) and Garcia et al (2005) observed significant risk of the occurrence of toxoplasmosis in humans by the analysis of nonhuman primate serum samples, considering these primates as sentinels to human infection, once they have access to human places, and eating fruits and vegetables contaminated with oocysts from the soil and demonstrate the risk to human infection by these type of food in urban, rural and wild areas. In some urban, rural and wild areas, some of them indigenous, nonhuman primates are hunted and used as food, one more example of the risk to human infection and importance as sentinels.…”

Toxoplasma in Animals, Food, and Humans: An Old Parasite of New Concern

“…In deer high prevalence can be partly explained by their particular susceptibility especially when living in environments highly contaminated with oocysts (Vikøren et al, 2004;Gauss et al, 2006). Certain animals living in zoos, such as Central and South American monkeys (Platyrrhini, the so-called New World monkeys) (Garcia et al, 2005) and kangaroos are very susceptible to the infection (Miller et al, 1992). Acute toxoplasmosis has been described in lemurs, squirrel monkeys, and marmosets, and has been found to be almost always visceral, followed by cerebral lesions.…”