Serologic Markers for Detecting Malaria in Areas of Low Endemicity, Somalia, 2008

Bousema, Teun; Youssef, Randa M.; Cook, Jackie; Cox, Jonathan; Alegana, Victor A.; Amran, Jamal Ghilan Hefzullah; Noor, Abdisalan M.; Snow, Robert W.; Drakeley, Chris

doi:10.3201/eid1603.090732

Cited by 120 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Whether migration of people into the study area who have not been recently or prior exposed to malaria, may have played a role in our findings could not be confirmed. It is likely that the serological results were not due to recent infection (Drakeley et al, 2005;Bousema et al, 2010). The low seroprevalence observed in the older age group could be explained by the slow sero-reversion rate of individuals of this age group (Drakeley et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In non-endemic areas progressive lowering of acquired immunity is experienced (Luxemburger et al, 1997) but even then serological markers are maintained. These markers (Craig et al, 1999) are not influenced by the seasonal fluctuation in malaria incidences and are a potential tool for defining the malaria transmission intensity of the area (Bousema et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Mwanziva

Manjurano

Mbugi

et al. 2011

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Malaria morbidity and mortality data from clinical records provide essential information towards defining disease burden in the area and for planning control strategies, but should be augmented with data on transmission intensity and serological data as measures for exposure to malaria. The objective of this study was to estimate the malaria burden based on serological data and prevalence of malaria, and compare it with existing self-treatment practices in Magugu in Babati District of northern Tanzania. Prospectively, 470 individuals were selected for the study. Both microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) were used for malaria diagnosis. Seroprevalence of antibodies to merozoite surface proteins (MSP-119) and apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) was performed and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated. To complement this information, retrospective data on treatment history, prescriptions by physicians and use of bed nets were collected. Malaria prevalence in the area was 6.8% (32/470). Of 130 individuals treated with artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), 22.3 % (29/130) were slide confirmed while 75.3% (98/130) of them were blood smear negative. Three of the slides confirmed individuals were not treated with ACT. Fever was reported in 38.2% of individuals, of whom 48.8 % (88/180) were given ACT. Forty-two (32.3%) of those who received ACT had no history of fever. About half (51.1%) of those treated with ACT were children <10 years old. Immunoglobulin against MSP-119 was positive in 16.9% (74/437) while against AMA-1 was positive in 29.8 % (130/436). Transmission intensity was estimated at <0.2 infectious bites per person per year. The RDT was highly specific (96.3%) but with low sensitivity (15.6%). In conclusion, Magugu is a low endemic area. There is substantial over diagnosis, over treatment and self treatment in the community. The burden of malaria based on medical records is over estimated as was mostly presumptive. The low sensitivity of RDT reflects the low number of immune individuals as well as the low parasite density. ________________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Mwanziva

Manjurano

Mbugi

et al. 2011

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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“…Other antigens were also shown to be markers of P. vivax infection, but only in single populations (PvMSP-3α, PvMSP-9 RIRII , PvDBP, and PvRBP1). Serosurveillance using PvCSP in Korea [63][64][65][66][67] and PvMSP-1 19 and PvAMA1 in Vanuatu [68], Cambodia [69], and Somalia [70] has been employed to successfully map P. vivax transmission, and data from this review support their use in serosurveillance campaigns. However, this review highlights that further studies, conducted in diverse geographical settings and including additional antigens, are needed to ensure the generalizability of results across different populations with variable P. vivax transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological markers of Plasmodium vivax exposure and immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cutts¹,

Powell²,

Agius³

et al. 2014

BMC Medicine

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Background: Identifying Plasmodium vivax antigen-specific antibodies associated with P. vivax infection and protective immunity is key to the development of serosurveillance tools and vaccines for malaria. Antibody targets of P. vivax can be identified by seroepidemiological studies of individuals living in P. vivax-endemic areas, and is an important strategy given the limited ability to culture P. vivax in vitro. There have been numerous studies investigating the association between P. vivax antibody responses and P. vivax infection, but there has been no standardization of results to enable comparisons across populations. Methods: We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis of population-based, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies of individuals living in P. vivax-endemic areas. We searched 6 databases and identified 18 studies that met predefined inclusion and quality criteria, and examined the association between antibody responses to P. vivax antigens and P. vivax malaria.

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“…These hot spots of transmission amplify transmission by transmitting malaria parasites to a large number of mosquitoes (431,519). How one identifies these hot spots is an increasingly vibrant area of research (32,56,60). The recent suggestion that there are stable and less-stable hot spots of transmission (32) begs the question of how gametocyte carriage contributes.…”

Section: Targeted Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes in Relation to Malaria Control and Elimination

2011

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SUMMARY Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics, with Plasmodium falciparum responsible for the majority of the disease burden and P. vivax being the geographically most widely distributed cause of malaria. Gametocytes are the sexual-stage parasites that infect Anopheles mosquitoes and mediate the onward transmission of the disease. Gametocytes are poorly studied despite this crucial role, but with a recent resurgence of interest in malaria elimination, the study of gametocytes is in vogue. This review highlights the current state of knowledge with regard to the development and longevity of P. falciparum and P. vivax gametocytes in the human host and the factors influencing their distribution within endemic populations. The evidence for immune responses, antimalarial drugs, and drug resistance influencing infectiousness to mosquitoes is reviewed. We discuss how the application of molecular techniques has led to the identification of submicroscopic gametocyte carriage and to a reassessment of the human infectious reservoir. These components are drawn together to show how control measures that aim to reduce malaria transmission, such as mass drug administration and a transmission-blocking vaccine, might better be deployed.

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Serologic Markers for Detecting Malaria in Areas of Low Endemicity, Somalia, 2008

Abstract: These markers can identify spatial variations in transmission patterns.

Cited by 120 publications

References 29 publications

Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Immunological markers of Plasmodium vivax exposure and immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Epidemiology and Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes in Relation to Malaria Control and Elimination

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