Serological prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Mammals in Chile

Muñoz, Raúl C.; Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; Fredes, Fernando; Alegría-Morán, Raúl; Celis, Sebastian; Ortiz-Tacci, Carolina; Kemec, Ignacio; Mansell, Myra; Verasay, Juan; Ramírez-Toloza, Galia

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105445

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, the seroprevalence obtained in this study was comparable to the seroprevalence of T. gondii from zoo mammals in other countries, including 33% of 1043 animals in the Czech Republic (Bártová et al, 2018), 35% of 117 animals in China (Zhang et al, 2000), and 38.8% of 227 animals in the United States (de Camps et al, 2008). Furthermore, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in this study was lower than that in Brazil (Marujo et al, 2017), Spain (Cano‐Terriza et al, 2020), or Mexico (Alvarado‐Esquivel et al, 2013), ranging from 40.5% to 53.3%, but higher than that in a Chilean zoo, reported 22.2%, using the same commercial ELISA kit (Muñoz et al, 2021). A lower T. gondii seroprevalence was also found in domestic dogs (15.5%), stray dogs (11.4%–39.1%) (Fan et al, 1998; Lin et al, 2004; Tsai et al, 2008), domestic cats (14%), stray cats (37%) (Lin et al, 1998), pigs (10.1%–28.8%) (Fan et al, 2004; Tsai et al, 2007), pigeons (4.7%) (Tsai et al, 2006), and humans (9.3%) (Chiang et al, 2012) in Taiwan, suggesting that certain captive conditions might be favourable for the circulation of T. gondii .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Molecular and serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mammals in the Taipei Zoo

Hsu

Wang

Huang

et al. 2022

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, a member of the phylum Apicomplexa. This parasitic protozoan infects various endothermic animal species, including birds, terrestrial mammals, and aquatic mammals (Attias et al., 2020). Among endotherms, members of the family Felidae are the only definitive natural hosts for T. gondii.Their oocysts develop during sexual reproduction in the intestines of felids and are excreted in their faeces. Other animals and humans are considered intermediate hosts because only the asexual phase of this parasite can be found in these species (Dubey, 1998;Tenter et al., 2000).Any infective stage of T. gondii, including sporozoites, tachyzoites, or bradyzoites can cause toxoplasmosis in animals. Toxoplasmosis is usually an asymptomatic and self-limiting infection in immunocompetent individuals (Kim & Weiss, 2008). However, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised, congenitally infected, or highly susceptible animals, such as ring-tailed lemurs (Dubey & Jones, 2008). When transmitted vertically, T. gondii can cause stillbirths and abortions in pregnant women and livestock

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Molecular and serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mammals in the Taipei Zoo

Hsu

Wang

Huang

et al. 2022

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Exposure to this protozoan had previously been described in captive populations of cervids from other countries in the region [81] and in other wild species in Chile [36], but not in native cervids. The seroprevalence in under-human-care pudus was lower than that reported (38.3%) for other captive cervid species in Chile [45]. Although there are some reports of reproductive pathologies caused by T. gondii in deer species [135,136], reports of fatal cases of toxoplasmosis in cervids are not common in zoos or hatcheries [137,138].…”

Section: Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Statistical differences in positivity to each studied pathogen were estimated. The analysis was performed by calculating seroprevalence differences and 95% confidence intervals for the differences (when possible), based on a chi-square approach and testing that positivity rate differences were equal to 0 [44,45]. Statistically significant differences were set at p-value < 0.05.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Exposure to Livestock Pathogens in Southern Pudu (Pudu puda) from Chile

Hidalgo-Hermoso,

Verasay Caviedes,

Pizarro-Lucero

et al. 2024

Animals

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A significant gap in exposure data for most livestock and zoonotic pathogens is common for several Latin America deer species. This study examined the seroprevalence against 13 pathogens in 164 wild and captive southern pudu from Chile between 2011 and 2023. Livestock and zoonotic pathogen antibodies were detected in 22 of 109 wild pudus (20.18%; 95% CI: 13.34–29.18) and 17 of 55 captive pudus (30.91%; 95% CI: 19.52–44.96), including five Leptospira interrogans serovars (15.38% and 10.71%), Toxoplasma gondii (8.57% and 37.50%), Chlamydia abortus (3.03% and 12.82%), Neospora caninum (0.00% and 9.52%), and Pestivirus (8.00% and 6.67%). Risk factors were detected for Leptospira spp., showing that fawn pudu have statistically significantly higher risk of positivity than adults. In the case of T. gondii, pudu living in “free-range” have a lower risk of being positive for this parasite. In under-human-care pudu, a Pestivirus outbreak is the most strongly suspected as the cause of abortions in a zoo in the past. This study presents the first evidence of Chlamydia abortus in wildlife in South America and exposure to T. gondii, L. interrogans, and N. caninum in wild ungulate species in Chile. High seroprevalence of livestock pathogens such as Pestivirus and Leptospira Hardjo in wild animals suggests a livestock transmission in Chilean template forest.

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SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF Toxoplasma gondii IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN A ZOO

Barbosa da Silva,

Fernandes Joaquim,

José dos Santos

et al. 2024

RVZ

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The participation of wild animals as reservoirs or carriers of zoonoses in the wild and captivity is an emerging concern due to the potential for transmission of zoonoses such as toxoplasmosis. This study examined risk factors associated with the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the infection of zoo primates. Serum samples from 43 primates were tested for T. gondii antibodies using three serological techniques: the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT); and molecular Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Antibodies were found in 37.2% (16/43) of the animals. Among the species, 8/43 were seroreagents according to all three techniques and 8/43 only by the IFAT. No sample was positive according to PCR. The risk factors studied, namely sex, age and category (Old World or Neotropical), were not significant in the statistical analysis (p<0.01). However, other risk factors, such as the food and water supplied and the sand present in the animals’ enclosures, were not analyzed, but have been shown in other studies to be potential causes of high prevalence of antibodies of animals surveyed in zoos. Hence, there is a need for regular monitoring of infection through periodic serological tests, to prevent infection of zoo workers and the visiting public.

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Serological prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Mammals in Chile

Cited by 3 publications

References 59 publications

Molecular and serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mammals in the Taipei Zoo

Molecular and serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mammals in the Taipei Zoo

High Exposure to Livestock Pathogens in Southern Pudu (Pudu puda) from Chile

SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF Toxoplasma gondii IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN A ZOO

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