Serological survey of foot and mouth disease in Saudi Arabia

Sm, Hafez; Ma, Farag; Ks, Mazloum; Am, al-Bokmy

doi:10.20506/rst.13.3.791

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Thus, during the 1981 outbreak of FMD at the Assam Zoo in India, where a large number of camel owners because the disease is enzootic in many countries where camelids are indigenous. Saudi Arabia, for example, with a camel population of 800,000, imports approximately 6.5 million live animals every year (mainly sheep and goats) from Africa, Asia and Australasia (16,17,54). Animals from Africa and Asia bring their own strains of the virus, which spread within the nomadic herds of Saudi Arabia and neighbouring countries (57).…”

Section: Foot and Mouth Disease In New World Camelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review

Wernery¹,

Kinne²

2012

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) remains the most important animal disease. The FMD virus is highly contagious and occurs almost exclusively among clovenhoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, Bactrian camels and swine. Old World camels (OWCs) and New World camels (NWCs) inhabit FMD-endemic countries in South America, North and East Africa, and the Middle and Far East. Results of experimental infection of OWCs with the virus, and several clinical observations from the field over a century, confirm that the two closely related camel species of Bactrian and dromedary camels possess noticeably different susceptibilities to FMD. It is now certain that Bactrian camels can contract the disease. In contrast, dromedaries are not susceptible to FMD and do not transmit infection, even when in close contact with susceptible animals. The susceptibility of NWCs to the FMD virus has been demonstrated in the field and in experimental infection trials. However, these animals are not very susceptible and do not represent a serious risk in transmitting FMD to susceptible animal species.

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Section: Foot and Mouth Disease In New World Camelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review

Wernery¹,

Kinne²

2012

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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“…Moreover, in some other exporting countries, the prevalent FMDV serotypes are not routinely typed (3). Arabia, in order to aid planning to improve national control measures, has been clearly demonstrated (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of importation of live ruminants on the epizootiology of foot and mouth disease in Saudi Arabia

Ih¹,

Asghar²,

Am³

et al. 2016

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Approximately five million live ruminants are imported annually into Saudi Arabia. The majority of these animals are imported shortly before the pilgrimage season from Sudan and the Horn of Africa, where foot and mouth disease (FMD) is known to be enzootic. This study was designed to investigate the impact of the importation of these live ruminants on the epizootiology of FMD in Saudi Arabia. The authors carried out antibody testing on a total of 480 sheep and 233 cattle from the sacrificial livestock yards of the Saudi Project for Utilization of Hajj Meat, which performs ritual slaughter on behalf of pilgrims in the Holy City of Makkah. The results revealed that 136 (28.3%) of the 480 sheep tested were serologically positive for FMD, using an indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (3ABC FMD ELISA). This included 17.7% of Sawakani sheep (imported from Sudan) and 40.9% of Barbari sheep (imported from the Horn of Africa). Among the cattle, 120 (51.5%) of 233 animals tested positive for FMD virus (FMDV) antibodies. The 120 seropositive cattle included all clinically suspected cattle and 62 (35.4%) symptom-free, in-contact cattle. The findings highlight the risks associated with the annual importation of live ruminants from FMD-enzootic areas. The risks include the possible introduction of new exotic FMDV serotypes, particularly when potential carriers or subclinically infected animals are considered. An understanding of the epidemiology of different strains and the ability to track their movement between geographical regions is essential for the development of efficient control strategies for the disease. Therefore, genotyping of FMDV strains isolated from imported and local animals is recommended.

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“…FMD is endemically or sporadically infected the most regions in Africa and Asia, particularly countries in the Middle East. In vast majority of the Arabian Peninsula countries, epidemics of different serotypes of FMD virus repeat breaks out; this seems to be due to continuous importation of livestock from many countries in Africa and Asia (Hafez et. al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Planning an adequate control program against FMD requires a thorough understanding of the current epizootiological status of the disease (Hafez et. al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epizootiology and Control Measurements of Foot and Mouth Disease (Fmd) in Saudi Arabia From 1999 to 2004

2005

Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal

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Serological survey of foot and mouth disease in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review

Foot and mouth disease and similar virus infections in camelids: a review

The impact of importation of live ruminants on the epizootiology of foot and mouth disease in Saudi Arabia

Epizootiology and Control Measurements of Foot and Mouth Disease (Fmd) in Saudi Arabia From 1999 to 2004

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