Seroprevalence and associated factors of Toxoplasma gondii among HIV-infected patients in Tokyo: A cross sectional study

Hoshina, Tokio; Horino, Tetsuya; Saiki, Erisha; Aonuma, Hiroka; Sawaki, Kenji; Miyajima, Makiko; Lee, Kwanyole; Nakaharai, Kazuhiko; Shimizu, Akihiro; Hosaka, Yusuke; Kato, Takumi; Sato, Fumiya; Nakazawa, Yozo; Yoshikawa, Koji; Yoshida, Masaki; Hori, Seiji; Kanuka, Hirotaka

doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2019.06.012

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The pooled seroprevalence rates estimated separately for latent (37.4;~14.2 million people) and acute (1.3%; 0.5 million people) T. gondii infections in HIV + people are similar to those reported (33.8% and 1.1%, respectively) for pregnant women worldwide [7,8]. The estimate for latent toxoplasmosis (37.4%) is slightly higher than the 35.8% reported previously for HIV + people by Wang et al [23], who used data from a total of 74 studies of 25,989 HIV + people-i.e., 51% fewer studies and 42% fewer individuals than in the present investigation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Estimating the prevalence and distribution of T. gondii infection using serodiagnostic tools and assessing associated risk factors for HIV + people will assist the development and implementation of measures/programs to prevent toxoplasmosis in this risk group [18]. Previous investigations to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infections in HIV + people were limited to particular countries or geographical regions over short study periods (usually one year) [19][20][21][22][23]. Perhaps the most comprehensive investigation of HIV + people was a meta-analysis of studies published from 1987 to 2016 [24], which considered latent infection/toxoplasmosis, but not acute toxoplasmosis; furthermore, it did not assess risk factors linked to toxoplasmosis and its prevalence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence Estimates of Latent and Acute Toxoplasma Infections in HIV+ People—Call for Action in Underprivileged Communities

et al. 2021

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We undertook a comprehensive, systematic review of observational studies to estimate respective seroprevalences of latent and acute Toxoplasma gondii infections in HIV+ people at the global, regional and country levels; related seroprevalence to socio-economic variables and CD4+ cell counts; and assessed temporal changes in prevalence and risk factors for this group. We systematically searched international databases for seroepidemiological surveys between 1 January 1980 and 31 July 2020. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled seroprevalences with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and estimated the numbers of HIV+ people inferred to harbour latent and acute T. gondii infections (LT or AT). We grouped seroprevalence data according to the geographic regions defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses of the data. Of a total of 4024 studies identified, 150 and 65 of them met the inclusion criteria for LT and AT in HIV+ people, respectively. The overall, pooled seroprevalences of LT and AT were 37.4% (95% CI, 33.4–41.4) and 1.3% (95% CI, 0.9–1.8%), equating to ~14.2 and 0.5 million HIV+ people, respectively. Most HIV+ people with T. gondii infections originated from Africa, and the highest seroprevalences were in low-income countries with low human development indices. Significant risk factors for toxoplasmosis in HIV+ patients included the consumption of raw/undercooked meat, frequent contact with soil, a low CD4+ T lymphocyte number (<200 cells per μL) and age. Overall, the finding of high seroprevalences of particularly latent T. gondii infection in HIV+ people in underprivileged regions of the world, such as parts of Africa, calls for preventative action. Programs that include routine serological monitoring, counselling, care, animal control and/or prophylactic treatment measures are needed to prevent severe toxoplasmosis from developing in people living with HIV infection. Our study highlights the potential importance of parasite chemoprophylaxis in resource-poor settings, particularly in low-income countries.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence Estimates of Latent and Acute Toxoplasma Infections in HIV+ People—Call for Action in Underprivileged Communities

et al. 2021

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“…Furthermore, due to the possible seronegative course of the T. gondii infection (e.g., in immunocompromised blood recipients or HIV-1 co-infected patients [28,[36][37][38]), special attention should be paid to the importance of the detection of parasitic genetic material [5,12]. Assessment of T. gondii seroprevalence in HIV-1 positive patients revealed significant differences among geographical areas (from 8-44% in Japan, East China, and India to 62-94% in Morocco and Ethiopia) [7,27,28,37,[39][40][41]. In our study, the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies among HIV-1-infected patients was 36.8%, which was similar to the results obtained in other European countries (23.04% in France, 34.7% in Spain, 35.5% in Germany, and 36.8% in Italy) [39,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seronegative Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Patients and in Blood Donors

Bednarska

Cortés

Glamkowska-Sady

et al. 2022

JCM

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Background: Toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. The routine diagnostics is based on serologic testing and IgG avidity index, but it may have limited utility in immunodeficient patients; thus, it is recommendable to detect T. gondii DNA in subjects with advanced HIV disease. The results of the studies published so far focused on patients with clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis. Our study encompassed a group of HIV-infected subjects on cART therapy, without immunological disturbances and clinical symptoms of T. gondii infection. Methods: The study was retrospective, and samples were collected between 2013 and 2016. We evaluate the prevalence of serological (IgM, IgG, and avidity IgG) and molecular (DNA) T. gondii infection markers in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients and the control group using serologic (ELISA) and quantitative (real-time PCR) molecular testing. Results: Of 152 HIV-infected in routine follow-up tested for T. gondii IgM and IgG, 6 (3.9%) and 50 (32.9%) were positive, respectively. Of 168 serum samples from blood donors, 1 (0.6%) and 49 (29.2%) were IgM+ and IgG+ positive, respectively. IgM seroprevalence in HIV-infected patients was significantly higher than in blood donors. T. gondii DNA (genotype II) was identified in 47 (30.9%) HIV-infected patients, with 13 (8.6%) IgM−IgG− samples. In blood donors, T. gondii DNA was present in 15 (8.9%) IgM−IgG−. Conclusions: In both groups, T. gondii DNA was detectable in seronegative subjects, implying the need to supplement the routine serological testing via the molecular method. It can help the accurate monitoring of the reactivation of infection in asymptomatic HIV-infected persons, and the quick introduction of specific therapy, in blood donors, would be of high importance for safe blood donations.

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“…T. gondii infection regulates the response of T. gondii IgG seroprevalence that specifically responds to T. gondii in patients. T. gondii may affect the production and interaction of cytokines, as well as induce an imbalance of the immune response through a change of the cytokines after infection, which results in immune deficiency by weakening homeostasis of the immune system in the host [30][31][32][33]. Moreover, it is known that T. gondii blocks or inhibits the signal pathways of cell cycle initiators or the apoptotic stage in host cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity and Protective Effect of a Virus-Like Particle Containing the SAG1 Antigen of Toxoplasma gondii as a Potential Vaccine Candidate for Toxoplasmosis

Choi

Park

2020

Biomedicines

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This study was carried out to evaluate the vaccination effect of a virus-like particle (VLP) including the surface antigen 1 (SAG1) of Toxoplasma gondii as a potential vaccine for toxoplasmosis. The SAG1 virus-like particles (SAG1-VLPs) were expressed by Sf9 cells, and their expression was confirmed through cloning, RT-PCR analysis, and western blot method. The immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of SAG1-VLPs were assessed by the antibody response, cytokine analysis, neutralization activity, splenocyte assay, and survival rates through a mouse model. In particular, IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA were markedly increased after immunization, and the survival rates of T. gondii were strongly inhibited by the immunized sera. Furthermore, the immunization of SAG1-VLPs effectively decreased the production of specific cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, after parasite infection. In particular, the immunized group showed strong activity and viability compared with the non-immunized infection group, and their survival rate was 75%. These results demonstrate that SAG1-VLP not only has the immunogenicity to block T. gondii infection by effectively inducing the generation of specific antibodies against T. gondii, but is also an effective antigen delivery system for preventing toxoplasmosis. This study indicates that SAG1-VLP can be effectively utilized as a promising vaccine candidate for preventing or inhibiting T. gondii infection.

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Seroprevalence and associated factors of Toxoplasma gondii among HIV-infected patients in Tokyo: A cross sectional study

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Seroprevalence Estimates of Latent and Acute Toxoplasma Infections in HIV+ People—Call for Action in Underprivileged Communities

Seroprevalence Estimates of Latent and Acute Toxoplasma Infections in HIV+ People—Call for Action in Underprivileged Communities

Seronegative Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Patients and in Blood Donors

Immunogenicity and Protective Effect of a Virus-Like Particle Containing the SAG1 Antigen of Toxoplasma gondii as a Potential Vaccine Candidate for Toxoplasmosis

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