Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Peste des Petits Ruminants among Sheep and Goats in Kassala State, Sudan

Abstract

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a contagious disease of small ruminants caused by a virus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of PPR disease in sheep and goats and its associated risk factors in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan. Across sectional study was conducted during the period from 30th August to 25th November 2015. The study was carried out using a structured questionnaire survey and a total of 918 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy unvaccinated sheep and goats in different localities in State of Kassala. A total of 546 sheep and 372 goats were tested for specific antibodies to nucleoprotein (NP) by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The apparent overall prevalence of PPR antibodies in Kassala was 58.2% while the true prevalence was calculated to be 61.3%. The apparent prevalence in sheep and goats was 68.1% and 43.5% respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors had significant associations with a cELISA positive status: locality, species, age, breed, husbandry system, housing mode, animals movement (p = 0.000) and animals sharing pasture and water (p = 0.003), while sex and newly introduced animals were not significant risk factors (p = 0.771) (p = 0.050) respectively. Factors found that significantly associated (p < 0.05) with increased odds of being cELISA positive in multivariate analysis were localities, species, age and newly introduced animals. The prevalence differed between localities and was the highest in the River Atbara (84.0%) locality, whereas it was lowest in Delta North (29.0%). No significant difference was observed among the sexes. However, the prevalence differed in different age groups and was 52.25% in animals of less than six months old; 49.3% were between seven months and two years old and How to cite this paper: Saeed, F.A., Abdel-Aziz, S.A. and Gumaa, M.M.

Serological study and risk factor analysis on Peste des Petits Ruminants in sheep in Bangladesh

“…Previously, the similar, higher, and lower seroprevalence of PPRV antibodies in this study were reported in the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh, for example, in India, 44.7 % by Hota et al (2018) , and 2.98 % by Krishna et al (2001) ; and in Pakistan, 51.34 % by Khan et al (2007) , 53 % by Abubakar et al (2009) , and 37.2 % by Nizamani et al (2015) . Globally, similar seroprevalence was recorded, for example, 46.68 % by Gari et al (2017) in Ethiopia and 46.7 % by Almeshay et al (2017) in Libya; still higher seroprevalence was reported by Saeed et al (2018) as 68.1 % and lower was reported by Mebrahtu et al (2018) (16.2 %). The disparity in seroprevalence rates could be attributed to a variety of factors, including immunity levels such as vaccination status or previous PPR exposure, differences in sheep farming systems across regions, allocation of sheep populations, animal trading, nutritional components, genetic makeup, animal trading, farmers' socioeconomic status, and diagnostic procedures.…”

Sero-Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Dera and Gerar Jarso Districts of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

“…Other findings as Abubakar et al and Waret-Szkuta et al 7 , 19 (49.5% in sheep and 56.3% in goats) and Delil et al 24 (7.3% sheep and 42.6% goats) were reported a higher sero-prevalence of PPR in goats than sheep. On contrary, the findings of Abraham et al 17 from Afar and Borena, Saeed et al 27 from Sudan, Abdalla et al 28 from the Kordofan state of Sudan, and Gelana et al 14 from Horo Guduru zone of Ethiopia documented higher seroprevalence in sheep than goats. The difference in prevalence might be due to the difference in the proportion of sampled animals, management system, and geospatial location of the study areas.…”

“…This might be due to the absence of practicing isolation and quarantine of newly bought animals before mixing into the flock. 23 In contrast to this result, Saeed et al 27 reported that newly introduced animals had lower sero-positivity in Sudan.…”

Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goats sera from Central-Western Sudan

“…During the 1990s, PPR outbreaks continued to occur in sheep and goats in Central Sudan, specifically in Gezira State (El Hassan et al 1994) and Khartoum State (Zeidan 1994). Serological surveys of PPR performed among small ruminants indicated existence of the disease in all areas investigated (Abdalla et al 2012;El Amin & Hassan 1999;Haroun et al 2002;Ishag et al 2015;Osman et al 2009Osman et al , 2018Rasheed 1992;Saeed et al 2010Saeed et al , 2017Saeed, Abdel-Aziz & Gumaa 2018;Salih et al 2014;Shuaib et al 2014). Currently, PPR is endemic in the country with outbreaks occurring regularly in small ruminants leading to significant economic losses (Osman et al 2018;Saeed et al 2017).…”