Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasma spp. in German Small Ruminant Flocks

Rubel, Wiebke; Schoneberg, Clara; Wolf, Annika; Ganter, Martin; Bauer, B.

doi:10.3390/ani11102793

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…MSP5 is a transmembrane protein of 210 amino acid residues that is present in all recognized Anaplasma species and that is highly conserved among different strains of A. marginale , A. centrale , A. ovis and A. phagocytophilum [ 19 ]. It has been used in the sero determination of Anaplasma infection in animals, and among the methods of serodetection, indirect ELISA and competitive ELISA are considered reliable [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 36 ]. The MSP5 protein in this study was expressed with 182 amino acids whose signal peptide was removed to develop an indirect ELISA for detecting antibodies against A. marginale , A. centrale , A. ovis, and A. phagocytophilum and to screen carrier animals for infection with Anaplasma species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study tested a total of 1732 bovines and found that 5.0% (87/1732) were Anaplasma IgG positive, 4.2% (73/1732) were Anaplasma IgM positive and 1.4% (24/1732) were both IgG and IgM positive, indicating that bovines are among those animals that can develop acute infections and middle and late infections in this plateau area. Moreover, sheep and goats can become infected with obligate intracellular bacteria of the genera Anaplasma , A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis , leading to the development of ovine and caprine anaplasmosis [ 18 , 28 , 32 ]. The present results showed not only a high IgG-positive rate (25.8%) but also a 5.8% IgM antibody positivity in Tibetan sheep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indirect ELISA is a reliable serological test similar to competitive ELISA that has been developed for the detection of Anaplasma infections in animals [ 26 ], and the key to these methods is the selection of antigens with strong specificity and high sensitivity. Major surface protein 5 (MSP5) is a highly conserved surface protein of the Anaplasma genus that has been proven effective as a diagnostic antigen, and this antigen has been used in the serodetection of Anaplasma species infection in various animals, including ruminants, equines, and canines, with a high level of sensitivity [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serological Analysis of IgG and IgM Antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in Various Animal Species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Zhang

et al. 2022

Animals

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Anaplasma genus infects the blood cells of humans and animals by biting, causing zoonotic anaplasmosis. However, limited data are available on carrier animals for Anaplasma spp. antibodies in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Area. Therefore, a serological indirect ELISA diagnostic method based on the major surface protein 5 (MSP5), derived from Anaplasma phagocytophilum, was developed in this study to analyze both IgG and IgM antibodies of Anaplasma spp. in a total of 3952 animals from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, including yaks (Bos grunniens), cows (Bos taurus), cattle (Bos taurus domesticus), Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries), horses (Equus ferus caballus), pigs (Sus domesticus), chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), donkeys (Equus asinus), stray dogs (Canis sp.), and stray cats (Felis sp.). The results showed that recombinant MSP5 protein was expressed and was successfully used to establish the indirect ELISA methods. The overall positivity for Anaplasma IgG and IgM antibodies was 14.6% (578/3952) and 7.9% (312/3952), respectively, and a total of 123 animals (3.1%) were both IgG- and IgM-positive. Moreover, the most prevalent Anaplasma IgG positivity was exhibited by donkeys (82.5%), followed by stray dogs, Tibetan sheep, pigs, chickens, horses, yaks, cows, cattle, and stray cats. The analysis for IgM antibody positivity revealed that IgM positivity was the most prevalent in the stray dogs (30.1%), followed by horses, yaks, Tibetan sheep, cows, stray cats, and cattle. Moreover, the results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) at different altitudes in Anaplasma-specific IgG in the yaks, Tibetan sheep, and horses, and in IgM in the yaks and Tibetan sheep. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that yaks, cows, cattle, Tibetan sheep, horses, donkeys, stray dogs, stray cats, pigs, and chickens living in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are carrier animals for Anaplasma spp. IgG or IgM antibodies. The current findings provide valuable current data on the seroepidemiology of anaplasmosis in China and for plateau areas of the world.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serological Analysis of IgG and IgM Antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in Various Animal Species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Zhang

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Antibodies against Anaplasma spp., C. burnetii and TBEV were determined by three different commercial ELISAs in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions and described in detail elsewhere [ 1 , 17 , 18 ]. An inhibition of ≥ 30% was assessed as positive for the Anaplasma spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-exposure to Anaplasma spp., Coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus in sheep in southern Germany

et al. 2023

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The intracellular bacteria Anaplasma spp. and Coxiella burnetii and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are tick-transmitted pathogens circulating in the southern German sheep population. Knowledge of interaction among Anaplasma spp., C. burnetii and TBEV in sheep is lacking, but together they might promote and reinforce disease progression. The current study aimed to identify co-exposure of sheep to Anaplasma spp., C. burnetii and TBEV. For this purpose, 1,406 serum samples from 36 sheep flocks located in both southern German federal states, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Bavaria, were analysed by ELISAs to determine the antibody levels of the three pathogens. Inconclusive and positive results from the TBEV ELISA were additionally confirmed by a serum neutralisation assay. The proportion of sheep with antibodies against Anaplasma spp. (47.2%), C. burnetii (3.7%) and TBEV (4.7%) differed significantly. Significantly more flocks with Anaplasma spp. seropositive sheep (91.7%) were detected than flocks with antibodies against TBEV (58.3%) and C. burnetii (41.7%), but there was no significant difference between the number of flocks which contained TBEV and C. burnetii seropositive sheep. Seropositivity against at least two pathogens was detected in 4.7% of sheep from 20 flocks. Most co-exposed sheep had antibodies against Anaplasma spp./TBEV (n = 36), followed by Anaplasma spp./C. burnetii (n = 27) and Anaplasma spp./C. burnetii/TBEV (n = 2). Only one sheep showed an immune response against C. burnetii and TBEV. Flocks with sheep being positive against more than one pathogen were widely distributed throughout southern Germany. The descriptive analysis revealed no association between the antibody response of the three pathogens at animal level. Taking the flocks as a cluster variable into account, the exposure to TBEV reduced the probability of identifying C. burnetii antibodies in sheep significantly (odds ratio 0.46; 95% confidence interval 0.24–0.85), but the reason for this is unknown. The presence of Anaplasma spp. antibodies did not influence the detection of antibodies against C. burnetii and TBEV. Studies under controlled conditions are necessary to evaluate any possible adverse impact of co-exposure to tick-borne pathogens on sheep health. This can help to clarify rare disease patterns. Research in this field may also support the One Health approach due to the zoonotic potential of Anaplasma spp., C. burnetii and TBEV.

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“…by cELISA is not possible. [ 30 ]. Studies have suggested serological cross-reactions between A. phagocytophilum and other Anaplasma spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case Study of Photosensitivity Associated with Anaplasma spp. Infection in Cattle

Anton

Solcan

2022

Animals

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Anaplasma infection has not previously been reported as a cause of photosensitization. This case presents a five-year-old Holstein cow in her fifth month of gestation with skin injury of nonpigmented areas clearly delimited from adjacent unaffected pigmented skin. Specific lesions included alopecia, localized oedema, desquamation erythema, serous exudation, thick detached skin, fissures, crusting, and necrosis, indicating photodermatitis. Hematological abnormalities were leukocytosis with neutrophilia and normocytic hypochromic anemia. Based on a hemoparasitic examination of blood smears, the organism Anaplasma spp. was observed within the red blood cells. Biochemical analyses revealed increased serum liver enzyme activity associated with hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. This cow was RT-PCR positive for Anaplasma spp. infection. After treatment with oxytetracycline started, its condition improved within 24 h, and it recovered completely within 30 days. In this case, the underlying pathogenic mechanism of Anaplasma spp. infection facilitated the impairment of bile flow and liver function, resulting in hepatogenous photosensitization.

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasma spp. in German Small Ruminant Flocks

Cited by 8 publications

References 70 publications

Serological Analysis of IgG and IgM Antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in Various Animal Species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Serological Analysis of IgG and IgM Antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in Various Animal Species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Co-exposure to Anaplasma spp., Coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus in sheep in southern Germany

A Case Study of Photosensitivity Associated with Anaplasma spp. Infection in Cattle

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