Seroprevalence of<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>infection in warthogs (<i>Phacochoerus africanus</i>) in bovine tuberculosis-endemic regions of South Africa

Roos, Eduard O.; Olea‐Popelka, Francisco; Buss, Peter; Klerk-Lorist, L.-M. de; Cooper, David; Helden, Paul D. van; Parsons, Sven D.C.; Miller, Michele A.

doi:10.1111/tbed.12856

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Therefore, extrapolation from literature on TB in other species and multi-host systems may aid in understanding the epidemiology of MTBC in African rhinoceros populations. Demographic risk factors for MTBC infection, such as sex and age, have been described in humans, mice, cattle, and limited species of wildlife ( 48 , 49 , 73 – 82 ). Results from these studies may inform hypotheses regarding demographic patterns of MTBC infection in rhinoceros.…”

Section: Assessment Of Infection Risk In African Rhinocerosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar age-related bTB trend has been observed in cattle, with a peak in incidence after 12 months of age ( 80 ). Adult warthogs ( Phacochoerus africanus ) and African elephants (>25 years old) in bTB endemic regions also showed a higher seroprevalence than their younger counterparts ( 48 , 49 ). Increasing age had the greatest effect on TB disease risk in a meerkat population in South Africa ( 94 ).…”

Section: Assessment Of Infection Risk In African Rhinocerosmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Multi-Host Wildlife Systems: Implications for Black (Diceros bicornis) and White (Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceros

Dwyer

Witte²,

Buss

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Cases of tuberculosis (TB) resulting from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) have been recorded in captive white ( Ceratotherium simum ) and black ( Diceros bicornis ) rhinoceros. More recently, cases have been documented in free-ranging populations of both species in bovine tuberculosis (bTB) endemic areas of South Africa. There is limited information on risk factors and transmission patterns for MTBC infections in African rhinoceros, however, extrapolation from literature on MTBC infections in other species and multi-host systems provides a foundation for understanding TB epidemiology in rhinoceros species. Current diagnostic tests include blood-based immunoassays but distinguishing between subclinical and active infections remains challenging due to the lack of diagnostic techniques. In other species, demographic risk factors for MTBC infection include sex and age, where males and adults are generally at higher risk than females and younger individuals. Limited available historical information reflects similar age- and sex-associated patterns for TB in captive black and white rhinoceros, with more reports of MTBC-associated disease in black rhinoceros than in white rhinoceros. The degree of MTBC exposure in susceptible wildlife depends on their level of interaction, either directly with other infected individuals or indirectly through MTBC contaminated environments, which is dependent on the presence and abundance of infected reservoir hosts and the amount of MTBC shed in their excreta. Captive African rhinoceros have shown evidence of MTBC shedding, and although infection levels are low in free-ranging rhinoceros, there is a risk for intraspecies transmission. Free-ranging rhinoceros in bTB endemic areas may be exposed to MTBC from other infected host species, such as the African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) and greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros ), through shared environmental niches, and resource co-utilization. This review describes current knowledge and information gaps regarding the epidemiology of TB in African rhinoceros.

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Section: Assessment Of Infection Risk In African Rhinocerosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessment Of Infection Risk In African Rhinocerosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Multi-Host Wildlife Systems: Implications for Black (Diceros bicornis) and White (Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceros

Dwyer

Witte²,

Buss

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Hence, the highest and more rapid response to MPB83 protein proves that it is a better protein for use in producing diagnostic antigens for serological tests [ 55 ]. Several novel diagnostic tests explicitly designed to detect MTBC infection in wildlife have been established, such as the DPP (dual-path platform) WTB (MPB83, MPB70), DPP VetTB (MPB83, ESAT-6, CFP-10) [ 99 ], TB ELISA-VK ® kit test (bPPD) [ 111 ], INgezim TB CROM Ab, INgezim Tuberculosis DR (based on MPB83), INgezim TB Porcine (based on MPB83 and MPB70) [ 112 ], and P22 ELISA (MPB70, MPB83, ESAT-6, CFP-10) [ 104 , 113 ].…”

Section: Postmortem Diagnosis Of Mtbcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis

et al. 2020

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies. For TB diagnosis, the single intradermal tuberculin test or the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the gamma-interferon test, which is regarded as an ancillary test, are used. Postmortem examination can identify granulomatous lesions compatible with a diagnosis of TB . In contrast, smears of the lesions can be stained for acid-fast bacilli, and samples of the affected organs can be subjected to histopathological analyses. Culture is the gold standard test for isolating mycobacterial bacilli because it has high sensitivity and specificity compared with other methods. Serology for antibody detection allows the testing of many samples simply, rapidly, and inexpensively, and the protocol can be standardized in different laboratories. Molecular biological analyses are also applicable to trace the epidemiology of the disease. In conclusion, reviewing the various techniques used in MTBC diagnosis can help establish guidelines for researchers when choosing a particular diagnostic method depending on the situation at hand, be it disease outbreaks in wildlife or for epidemiological studies. This is because a good understanding of various diagnostic techniques will aid in monitoring and managing emerging pandemic threats of infectious diseases from wildlife and also preventing the potential spread of zoonotic TB to livestock and humans. This review aimed to provide up-to-date information on different techniques used for diagnosing TB at the interfaces between wildlife, livestock, and humans.

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“…This species is capable of crossing fences and other man-made barriers, which could lead to dissemination of disease, as is the case for wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), a bTB maintenance host in the Iberian Mediterranean ecosystem [ 1 , 8 ]. Moreover, similar to feral pigs, warthogs may serve as a good sentinel as they are highly susceptible to this infection [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring antigen-specific responses in Mycobacterium bovis-infected warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) using the intradermal tuberculin test

et al. 2018

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BackgroundBovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis has previously been diagnosed in warthogs and infection can be highly prevalent (> 30%) in endemic areas. Thus, warthogs could potentially be an important species to consider as sentinels for disease surveillance. However, disease surveillance is dependent on availability of accurate diagnostic assays and only a few diagnostic tests have been investigated for warthogs. Furthermore, the tests that have been used in this species require laboratory equipment and trained personnel to obtain results. Therefore, this study investigated the use of the intradermal tuberculin test (ITT) to screen warthogs for bTB, which can be done with minimal equipment and under field conditions by most veterinarians and other qualified professionals. Changes in skin fold thickness measurements at the bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) administration site, between 0 and 72 h, were compared with differential changes between the bovine and avian PPD sites, for 34 warthogs, to evaluate the performance when different interpretation criteria for the ITT was used.ResultsUsing an increase of 1.8 mm or more at the bovine PPD site as a cut-off for positive responders, 69% of 16 M. bovis culture-positive warthogs had a positive test result, with 100% of the 18 culture-negative warthogs considered as test negative. When a differential of 1.2 mm or more in skin fold thickness at the bovine PPD compared to the avian PPD site was used as a cut-off for the comparative ITT, 81% of culture-positive warthogs were considered as test positive, with 100% of culture-negative warthogs considered as test negative.ConclusionThe findings in this study suggest that the ITT is a promising tool to use when screening warthogs for M. bovis infection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1685-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Seroprevalence ofMycobacterium bovisinfection in warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in bovine tuberculosis-endemic regions of South Africa

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Multi-Host Wildlife Systems: Implications for Black (Diceros bicornis) and White (Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceros

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Multi-Host Wildlife Systems: Implications for Black (Diceros bicornis) and White (Ceratotherium simum) Rhinoceros

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis

Measuring antigen-specific responses in Mycobacterium bovis-infected warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) using the intradermal tuberculin test

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