Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2–Specific Antibodies Among Adults in Los Angeles County, California, on April 10-11, 2020

Sood, Neeraj; Simon, Paul; Ebner, Peggy J.; Eichner, Daniel; Reynolds, Jeffrey; Bendavid, Eran; Bhattacharya, Jay

doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8279

Cited by 411 publications

(376 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…High specificity is critical to avoid misinterpretations or false positives, unnecessary stress and quarantine, and to prevent controversies and wrong conclusions for surveillance or prevalence studies [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] . On the other hand, currently no antibody avidity test 7,[30][31][32][33][34] exists for COVID-19 to assess the antibody maturation and infer the timing of recent as opposed to remote infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Accuracy Multiplexed SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assay with Avidity and Saliva Capability on a Nano-Plasmonic Platform

Liu¹,

Hsiung²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The outbreak and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a dire global pandemic with millions of people infected and ~ 400,000 deaths thus far. Highly accurate detection of antibodies for COVID-19 is an indispensable part of the effort to combat the pandemic 1,2 . Here we developed two-plex antibody detection against SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins 3 (the S1 subunit and receptor binding domain RBD) in human serum and saliva on a near-infrared nanoplasmonic gold (pGOLD) platform 4-8 . By testing nearly 600 serum samples, pGOLD COVID-19 assay achieved ~ 99.78 % specificity for detecting both IgG and IgM with 100 % sensitivity in sera collected > 14 days post disease symptom onset, with zero cross-reactivity to other diseases. Two-plex correlation analysis revealed higher binding of serum IgM to RBD than to S1. IgG antibody avidity toward multiple antigens were measured, shedding light on antibody maturation in COVID-19 patients and affording a powerful tool for differentiating recent from remote infections and identifying re-infection by SARS-CoV-2. Just as important, due to high analytical sensitivity, the pGOLD COVID-19 assay detected minute amounts of antibodies in human saliva, offering the first non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Accuracy Multiplexed SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assay with Avidity and Saliva Capability on a Nano-Plasmonic Platform

Liu¹,

Hsiung²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Guidance regarding physical distancing and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has been provided at a national level by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 5 and such information may be customized and disseminated by chiropractic state boards to meet speci c state and professional requirements. Twenty-seven state chiropractic boards (54%) provided information, or hosted links to information, regarding patient safety or PPE; the remaining 23 state boards (46%) provided no guidance regarding patient safety or the use of PPE (see Table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 These statistics should be considered along with widespread scarcity of testing supplies and frequent testing delays, 4 which likely resulted in underestimation of the true prevalence of COVID-19. 5 In an effort to slow the spread of COVID-19 and reduce strain on the U.S. healthcare system, various U.S. state governments offered guidance in the form of stay-at-home orders. These orders outlined how travel should be limited to essential purposes, such as obtaining food or reporting for essential employment, but often amounted to recommendations, rather than enforceable mandates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance concerning chiropractic practice in response to COVID-19 in the U.S.: A summary of state regulators' web-based information

Neff

Roecker²,

Okamoto³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented changes, as many state and local governments enacted stay-at-home orders and non-essential businesses were closed. State chiropractic licensing boards play an important role in protecting the public via regulation of licensure and provision of guidance regarding standards of practice, especially during times of change or uncertainty. Objective: The purpose of this study was to summarize the guidance provided in each of the 50 United States, related to chiropractic practice during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A review of the public facing websites of governors and state chiropractic licensing boards was conducted in the United States. Data were collected regarding the official guidance provided by each state’s chiropractic licensing board as well as the issuance of stay-at-home orders and designations of essential personnel by state governors. Descriptive statistics were used to report the findings from this project. Results: Each of the 50 state governor’s websites and individual state chiropractic licensing board’s websites were surveyed. Stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders were issued in 86% of all states. Chiropractors were classified as essential providers in 54% of states, non-essential in one state (2%), and no guidance was provided in the remaining 44% of all states. Fourteen states (28%) recommended restricting visits to only urgent cases and the remaining states (72%) provided no guidance. Twenty-seven states (54%) provided information regarding protecting against infectious disease and the remaining states (46%) provided no guidance. Twenty-two states (44%) provided recommendations regarding chiropractic telehealth and the remaining states (56%) provided no guidance. Seventeen states (34%) altered license renewal requirements and eight states (16%) issued warnings against advertising misleading or false information regarding spinal manipulation and protection from COVID-19.Conclusion: State guidance during the COVID-19 pandemic was heterogenous, widely variability in accessibility, and often no guidance was provided by state chiropractic licensing boards. Some state chiropractic licensing boards chose to assemble guidance for licensees into a single location, which we identified as a best practice for future situations where changes in chiropractic practice must be quickly communicated.

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“…When the CountCOVID results showed 40x con rmed cases in Georgia, we were initially concerned that this ratio was improbable and too high. Since then, two antibody surveillance studies in California gave ratios of 43.5 × (28-55) for Los Angeles County 20 , and 54 × (25-91) for Santa Clara County 21 . Thus, despite the striking discrepancy with con rmed cases, our estimate of 40x for Georgia appears to be validated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence Estimates of COVID-19 by Web Survey Compared to Inadequate Testing

Ku²,

Leong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Current prevalence of COVID-19 drives many policy decisions, but is hampered by ambiguities in testing and reporting. We propose an alternative method for estimating community prevalence that is inexpensive and timely. We test the Hypothesis that the survey sampling provides a quantitative prevalence that is similar to widespread genomic or serological testing. Methods: We have built a simple, web-based survey of signs and symptoms for COVID-19 based on six questions. No personally identifiable information is collected to maintain privacy. Sampling can be directed to a population of interest such as a company, or broadcast widely to get geographic sampling. Data reporting can be real-time and plotted onto zipcode maps. Rates of prevalence were calculated from presumed COVID cases and respondents, with confidence intervals based on the Blaker method.Results: The website was created quickly, and survey results were quantitatively useful after only a few days. Analyzing 3161 cases from CountCOVID.org, we found a community prevalence of 7% in Georgia that was much greater than the reported confirmed cases. Our prevalence estimate of 21% in New York City was similar to the reported 19.6% by surveillance antibody serotesting. Our estimates are validated by five other community surveillance studies using genomic or antibody testing.Conclusions: Prevalence and incidence of COVID-19 symptoms in the community can be estimated by a crowd-sourced website at considerably less expense than widespread testing.

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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2–Specific Antibodies Among Adults in Los Angeles County, California, on April 10-11, 2020

Cited by 411 publications

References 2 publications

High-Accuracy Multiplexed SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assay with Avidity and Saliva Capability on a Nano-Plasmonic Platform

High-Accuracy Multiplexed SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assay with Avidity and Saliva Capability on a Nano-Plasmonic Platform

Guidance concerning chiropractic practice in response to COVID-19 in the U.S.: A summary of state regulators' web-based information

Prevalence Estimates of COVID-19 by Web Survey Compared to Inadequate Testing

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