Serotonin and Dopamine: Unifying Affective, Activational, and Decision Functions

Cools, Roshan; Nakamura, Kae; Daw, Nathaniel D.

doi:10.1038/npp.2010.121

Cited by 408 publications

(413 citation statements)

References 168 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…Serotonin has been associated with both punishment (12) and behavioral inhibition (13,14,17). One previous study found that tryptophan depletion abolishes punishment-induced inhibition akin to the disadvantage of performing a go response in the avoid losing condition compared with the winning condition we observe in our task (15).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

“…That is, although the nature of any opponency between appetitive and aversive systems remains the subject of much debate (12)(13)(14), there are suggestions that serotonin acts as a mirror to dopamine and is associated with behavioral inhibition in aversive contexts (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). These joint roles would lead to conflict when punishment can be avoided only by acting (go).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Action controls dopaminergic enhancement of reward representations

Guitart-Masip

Chowdhury

Sharot

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

109

144

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Dopamine is widely observed to signal anticipation of future rewards and thus thought to be a key contributor to affectively charged decision making. However, the experiments supporting this view have not dissociated rewards from the actions that lead to, or are occasioned by, them. Here, we manipulated dopamine pharmacologically and examined the effect on a task that explicitly dissociates action and reward value. We show that dopamine enhanced the neural representation of rewarding actions, without significantly affecting the representation of reward value as such. Thus, increasing dopamine levels with levodopa selectively boosted striatal and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental representations associated with actions leading to reward, but not with actions leading to the avoidance of punishment. These findings highlight a key role for dopamine in the generation of appetitively motivated actions.functional MRI | striatum | decision-making S ubstantial evidence indicates that the neuromodulator dopamine plays at least two roles in behavioral guidance. One is to signal prediction errors regarding expected reward value (1-3), prediction errors that are also used by the striatum to guide selection of appropriate actions (4-6). A second, less emphasized, role for dopamine is to invigorate actions associated with reward (7,8). Thus, dopamine depletion results in decreased motor activity and decreased motivated behavior (9, 10) along with decreased vigor or motivation to work for rewards in demanding reinforcement schedules (7,11). These joint roles in reward prediction and motivational control can create situations that result in conflict, such as what happens when reward is attainable solely by not acting (no-go).It has been suggest that the exact opposite may be true of serotonin. That is, although the nature of any opponency between appetitive and aversive systems remains the subject of much debate (12-14), there are suggestions that serotonin acts as a mirror to dopamine and is associated with behavioral inhibition in aversive contexts (13-17). These joint roles would lead to conflict when punishment can be avoided only by acting (go).Such conflicting cases have been a focal point of recent studies where the critical manipulation involved an orthogonalization of action requirements and outcome valence (15,18). In the latter study we highlighted anticipatory representations in the striatum and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) that reflected a dominance of action representation over an expected dominance of reward value representations, thereby hinting at a specific role for dopamine in motivation for action (18).Here, we tested the contributions of dopamine and serotonin to action and valence representations, with a specific focus on the areas we had previously highlighted, namely the striatum and SN/ VTA. First, we trained participants on a balanced 2 (reward/ punishment) × 2 (go/no-go) task that orthogonalized action and valence (18). When performance reached 95% correct choices in all conditions...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Action controls dopaminergic enhancement of reward representations

Guitart-Masip

Chowdhury

Sharot

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

109

144

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Future studies can build on this study work by comparing the effects of MPH with the effects of atomoxetine (a prefrontal specific catecholamine agonist) and observe interactions with specific dopamine and noradrenaline antagonists to isolate the neural structures and specific neurotransmitters involved. Given the distribution of cortical and striatal systems involved in social conformity (Berns et al, 2010;Campbell-Meiklejohn et al, 2010;Klucharev et al, 2009), we expect that, as for nonsocial learning (Kehagia et al, 2010), conformity involves a network of brain regions, multiple cognitions, and interactions between multiple neurotransmitter systems (Boureau and Dayan, 2011;Cools et al, 2011). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Social Influence by Methylphenidate

Campbell-Meiklejohn

Simonsen

Jensen

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The ability to infer value from the reactions of other people is a common and essential ability with a poorly understood neurobiology. Commonly, social learning matches one's values and behavior to what is perceived as normal for one's social group. This is known as conformity. Conformity of value correlates with neural activity shared by cognitions that depend on optimum catecholamine levels, but catecholamine involvement in conformity has not been tested empirically. Methylphenidate (MPH) is an indirect dopamine and noradrenalin agonist, commonly used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder for which it reduces undesirable behavior as evaluated by peers and authority figures, indicative of increased conformity. We hypothesized that MPH might increase conformity of value. In all, 38 healthy adult females received either a single oral 20 mg dose of MPH or placebo (PL). Each subject rated 153 faces for trustworthiness followed immediately by the face's mean rating from a group of peers. After 30 min and a 2-back continuousperformance working-memory task, subjects were unexpectedly asked to rate all the faces again. Both the groups tended to change their ratings towards the social norm. The MPH group exhibited twice the conformity effect of the PL group following moderate social conflict, but this did not occur following large conflicts. This suggests that MPH might enhance signals that would otherwise be too weak to evoke conformity. MPH did not affect 2-back performance. We provide a new working hypothesis of a neurocognitive mechanism by which MPH reduces socially disruptive behavior and provides novel evidence of catecholamine mediation of social learning.

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“…However, both increasing and decreasing effects of serotonin on reward have been reported (Kranz et al, 2010) and, in contrast to dopamine, serotonin does not appear to be critically involved in hippocampal memory formation (Thomas, 2015;Werlen and Jones, 2015). Several theories proposed that serotonin signals "punishment prediction error" as an opponent to dopamine (Cools et al, 2011;Doya, 2002), however recent evidence does not support this proposal. A study in behaving monkeys (Bromberg-Martin et al, 2010a) showed that in contrast to dopaminergic neurons in the SN, dorsal raphe-nucleus neurons' activity is modulated before and after reward delivery by expected and received reward values.…”

Section: Box 2: Role Of Sleep In the Consolidation And Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of reward motivation on human declarative memory

Miendlarzewska

Bavelier

Schwartz

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

150

134

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a b s t r a c tMotivational relevance can prioritize information for memory encoding and consolidation based on reward value. In this review, we pinpoint the possible psychological and neural mechanisms by which reward promotes learning, from guiding attention to enhancing memory consolidation. We then discuss how reward value can spill-over from one conditioned stimulus to a non-conditioned stimulus. Such generalization can occur across perceptually similar items or through more complex relations, such as associative or logical inferences. Existing evidence suggests that the neurotransmitter dopamine boosts the formation of declarative memory for rewarded information and may also control the generalization of reward values. In particular, temporally-correlated activity in the hippocampus and in regions of the dopaminergic circuit may mediate value-based decisions and facilitate cross-item integration. Given the importance of generalization in learning, our review points to the need to study not only how reward affects later memory but how learned reward values may generalize to related representations and ultimately alter memory structure.

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Serotonin and Dopamine: Unifying Affective, Activational, and Decision Functions

Cited by 408 publications

References 168 publications

Action controls dopaminergic enhancement of reward representations

Action controls dopaminergic enhancement of reward representations

Modulation of Social Influence by Methylphenidate

Influence of reward motivation on human declarative memory

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