Serotonin Regulates Mammary Gland Development via an Autocrine-Paracrine Loop

Matsuda, Manabu; Imaoka, Tatsuhiko; Vomachka, Archie J.; Gudelsky, Gary A.; Hou, Zhaoyuan; Mistry, Meenakshi J.; Bailey, Jason P.; Nieport, Kathryn M.; Walther, Diego J.; Bäder, Michael; Horseman, Nelson D.

doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(04)00022-x

Cited by 230 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Matsuda et al (2004) reported the discovery of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the mammary glands of rodents. Furthermore, they reported that 5-HT (in rodents) acted as a local feedback signal that inhibited lactation.…”

Section: Altered Dry Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Collier

Annen-Dawson

Pezeshki

2012

Animal

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The dry period is required to facilitate cell turnover in the bovine mammary gland in order to optimize milk yield in the next lactation. Traditionally, an 8-week dry period has been a standard management practice for dairy cows based on retrospective analyses of milk yields following various dry period lengths. However, as milk production per cow has increased, transitioning cows from the nonlactating state to peak milk yield has grown more problematic. This has prompted new studies on dry period requirements for dairy cows. These studies indicate a clear parity effect on dry period requirement. First parity animals require a 60-day dry period, whereas lactations following later parities demonstrate no negative impact with 30-day dry period or even eliminating the dry period when somatotropin (ST) is also used to maintain milk yields. Shortened dry periods in first parity animals were associated with reduced mammary cell turnover during the dry period and early lactation and increased numbers of senescent cells and reduced functionality of lactating alveolar mammary cells postpartum. Use of ST and increased milking frequency postpartum reduced the impact of shortened dry periods. The majority of new intramammary infections occur during the dry period and persist into the following lactation. There is therefore the possibility of altering mastitis incidence by modifying or eliminating the dry period in older parity animals. As the composition of mammary secretions including immunoglobulins may be reduced when the dry period is reduced or eliminated, there is the possibility that the immune status of cows during the peripartum period is influenced by the length of the dry period.

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Section: Altered Dry Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Collier

Annen-Dawson

Pezeshki

2012

Animal

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“…Serotonin (5-HT), which acts as both a neurotransmitter and hormone that entrains circadian clocks, has been proposed to be a feedback inhibitor of lactation (Stull et al, 2007). The gene coding for tryptophan hydroxylase 1, the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis, is expressed in bovine mammary epithelial cells and is upregulated by prolactin in vitro (Matsuda et al, 2004). Addition of serotonin to mammosphere cultures reduced the expression of a-lactalbumin and casein genes.…”

Section: Plaut and Casey 396mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

Plaut

Casey

2012

Animal

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Environmental variables such as photoperiod, heat, stress, nutrition and other external factors have profound effects on quality and quantity of a dairy cow's milk. The way in which the environment interacts with genotype to impact milk production is unknown; however, evidence from our laboratory suggests that circadian clocks play a role. Daily and seasonal endocrine rhythms are coordinated in mammals by the master circadian clock in the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks are distributed in every organ and coordinated by signals from the master clock. We and others have shown that there is a circadian clock in the mammary gland. Approximately 7% of the genes expressed during lactation had circadian patterns including core clock and metabolic genes. Amplitude changes occurred in the core mammary clock genes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation and were coordinated with changes in molecular clocks among multiple tissues. In vitro studies using a bovine mammary cell line showed that external stimulation synchronized mammary clocks, and expression of the core clock gene, BMAL1, was induced by lactogens. Female clock/ clock mutant mice, which have disrupted circadian rhythms, have impaired mammary development and their offspring failed to thrive suggesting that the dam's milk production was not adequate enough to nourish their young. We envision that, in mammals, during the transition from pregnancy to lactation the master clock is modified by environmental and physiological cues that it receives, including photoperiod length. In turn, the master clock coordinates changes in endocrine milieu that signals peripheral tissues. In dairy cows, it is clear that changes in photoperiod during the dry period and/or during lactation influences milk production. We believe that the photoperiod effect on milk production is mediated, in part by the 'setting' of the master clock with light, which modifies peripheral circadian clocks including the mammary core clock and subsequently impacts milk yield and may impact milk composition.Keywords: mammary, lactation, circadian rhythm, photoperiod, metabolism ImplicationsThe circadian system coordinates internal physiological processes in mammals and synchronizes these processes to the animal's environment. We review the literature and discuss recent findings from our laboratory and others that suggest the circadian system regulates lactation, including coordinating changes in the dam's physiology needed to initiate and maintain lactation and mediating the photoperiod effect on milk production. Identification of environmental and physiological inputs that affect genes that control circadian rhythms will enable development of approaches to alter gene expression to maximize production efficiency in farm animals. IntroductionNearly all physiological and behavioral functions of animals are rhythmic including secretion patterns of hormones, sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and core body temperature.A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-h cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behaviora...

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“…In fact, mammary glands stimulated by prolactin (PRL) expressed essential genes for serotonin biosynthesis. Tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA increased during pregnancy and lactation with consequent 5-HT found in mammary gland epithelial cells and in milk (Matsuda et al 2004). Plasma 5-HT, which has a rapid turnover distinct from that of platelet 5-HT, is the fraction which shows the equilibrium state between synthesis by enterochromaffin cells, the inactivation by liver and lung monoamino oxidase (MAO), and platelet uptake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma serotonin levels in Italian Fresian dairy cows

et al. 2010

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The aim of this work was to investigate the metabolism of plasma serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), an important neurotransmitter, in Fresian dairy cows, a breed of zootechnical interest, using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The subjects under study were at the stage of early lactation (n=10; mean body weight 375 AE 50 kg; average age of 3 years; body condition score 2.5), bred in a farm at an altitude of 150 m a.s.l. To evaluate animal welfare on this farm, which is closely connected to an animal's physiological status, tryptophan and cortisol levels (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), together with levels of certain blood components [total proteins (TP), albumin, creatinine, glucose (Glu), triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, and aspartate transaminase, measured by spectrophotometry] were analyzed. The results obtained are discussed in comparison with reference values, taking into account the environmental living conditions. Measured plasma serotonin concentrations, which were lower than values reported for Brown Swiss dairy cows of a comparable age and diet, appeared to be affected by breed, temperature, blood sampling season, and altitude. Additional differences between the levels of plasma tryptophan, the amino acid precursor of serotonin, of the two breeds were comparable. Negative correlations between plasma tryptophan and plasma cortisol levels (r=−0.83, P<0.005), plasma serotonin and plasma TP levels (r=−0.72, P<0.05), or Glu levels (r=−0.77, P< 0.05) highlight the existence of a stress condition, which is connected to an energetic deficit related to lactation.

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Serotonin Regulates Mammary Gland Development via an Autocrine-Paracrine Loop

Cited by 230 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

Plasma serotonin levels in Italian Fresian dairy cows

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