Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>and the risk of pneumonia in an ageing general population

Aregbesola, Alex; Voutilainen, Sari; Nurmi, Tarja; Virtanen, Jyrki K.; Ronkainen, Kimmo; Tuomainen, Tomi‐Pekka

doi:10.1136/jech-2012-202027

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Third, a recent study reported that a higher BMI led to lower 25(OH)D 3 levels [40]. More recently, Aregbesola and colleagues found that subjects with a lower serum 25(OH)D 3 concentration had a higher risk of pneumonia [41]. Fourth, leptin ( ob/ob ) and leptin receptor ( db/db ) deficient mice showed severe immune abnormalities and greater susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis

Nie

Zhang²,

Jee

et al. 2014

BMC Med

179

139

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BackgroundIt is unclear whether an ‘obesity survival paradox’ exists for pneumonia. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the associations between increased body mass index (BMI), pneumonia risk, and mortality risk.MethodsCohort studies were identified from the PubMed and Embase databases. Summary relative risks (RRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effects model.ResultsThirteen cohort studies on pneumonia risk (n = 1,536,623), and ten cohort studies on mortality (n = 1,375,482) were included. Overweight and obese individuals were significantly associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (RR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.71, P = 0.02, I2 = 87%). In the dose–response analysis, the estimated summary RR of pneumonia per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was 1.04 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.07, P = 0.01, I2 = 84%). Inversely, overweight and obese subjects were significantly associated with reduced risk of pneumonia mortality (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.91, P < 0.01, I2 = 34%). The estimated summary RR of mortality per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was 0.95 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.98, P < 0.01, I2 = 77%).ConclusionsThis meta-analysis suggests that an ‘obesity survival paradox’ exists for pneumonia. Because this meta-analysis is based on observational studies, more studies are required to confirm the results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis

Nie

Zhang²,

Jee

et al. 2014

BMC Med

179

139

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“…Two prospective studies on incidence of pneumonia among the elderly yielded information on the 25(OH)D concentration–pneumonia incidence relation—one from Finland, 57 one from the US 31 Using those values along with the 25(OH)D concentration percentiles for elderly Canadians results in a 31% reduction in pneumonia on the basis of the Finnish study and a 72% reduction on the basis of the US study. Closer to home is a study from Canada based on students at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, that enrolled 600 students.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated economic benefit of increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of Canadians to or above 100 nmol/L

Grant

Whiting

Schwalfenberg

et al. 2016

Dermato-Endocrinology

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Mounting evidence from observational and clinical trials indicates that optimal vitamin D reduces the risk of many diseases. We used observational studies and recent data on 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations of Canadians from Cycle 3 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey to estimate the reduction in disease incidence, mortality rates, and the total economic burden (direct plus indirect) of disease if 25(OH)D concentrations of all Canadians were raised to or above 100 nmol/L. Recently, the mean 25(OH)D concentration of Canadians varied depending on age and season (51–69 nmol/L), with an overall mean of 61 nmol/L. The diseases affected by 25(OH)D concentration included cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, respiratory infections, and musculoskeletal disorders. We used 25(OH)D concentration–health outcome relations for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease and results of clinical trials with vitamin D for respiratory infections and musculoskeletal disorders to estimate the reductions in disease burden for increased 25(OH)D concentrations. If all Canadians attained 25(OH)D concentrations>100 nmol/L, the calculated reduction in annual economic burden of disease was $12.5 ± 6 billion on the basis of economic burdens for 2016 and a reduction in annual premature deaths by 23,000 (11,000–34,000) on the basis of rates for 2011. However, the effects on disease incidence, economic burden, and mortality rate would be phased in gradually over several years primarily because once a chronic disease is established, vitamin D affects its progression only modestly. Nevertheless, national policy changes are justified to improve vitamin D status of Canadians through promotion of safe sun exposure messages, vitamin D supplement use, and/or facilitation of food fortification.

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“…Similar results were also obtained in other studies. Aregbesola et al [57] investigated the risk of hospitalized pneumonia in an ageing general population in eastern Finland. On the basis of the study, the authors suggested an inverse effect of the serum 25(OH)D concentration on the risk of developing pneumonia.…”

Section: Vitamin D Versus Influenza—prevention or Therapy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and Influenza—Prevention or Therapy?

Gruber-Bzura

2018

IJMS

185

168

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Vitamin D generates many extraskeletal effects due to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) which is present in most tissues throughout the body. The possible role of vitamin D in infections is implied from its impact on the innate and adaptive immune responses. A significant effect is also the suppression of inflammatory processes. Because vitamin D could be acknowledged as a “seasonal stimulus”, as defined by R. Edgar Hope-Simpson, it would be crucial to prove it from a potential easy and cheap prophylaxis or therapy support perspective as far as influenza infections are concerned. The survey of the literature data generates some controversies and doubts about the possible role of vitamin D in the prevention of influenza virus. The most important point is to realise that the broad spectrum of this vitamin’s activity does not exclude such a possibility. According to most of the authors, more randomized controlled trials with effective, large populations are needed to explore the preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation on viral influenza infections.

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃and the risk of pneumonia in an ageing general population

Abstract: These data suggest an inverse effect of serum 25(OH)D₃ concentration on the risk of incident pneumonia in the general ageing population.

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis

Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis

Estimated economic benefit of increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of Canadians to or above 100 nmol/L

Vitamin D and Influenza—Prevention or Therapy?

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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3and the risk of pneumonia in an ageing general population

Abstract: These data suggest an inverse effect of serum 25(OH)D₃ concentration on the risk of incident pneumonia in the general ageing population.

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis

Obesity survival paradox in pneumonia: a meta-analysis

Estimated economic benefit of increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of Canadians to or above 100 nmol/L

Vitamin D and Influenza—Prevention or Therapy?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃and the risk of pneumonia in an ageing general population