Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Martynova, Ekaterina; Goyal, Mehendi; Johri, Shikhar; Kumar, Vinay; Хайбуллин, Т И; Rizvanov, Albert A.; Verma, Subhash C.; Khaiboullina, Svetlana F.; Baranwal, Manoj

doi:10.1155/2020/2727042

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The cytokine quantification in culture supernatants of PBMC of patients and controls stimulated with VZV confirm the results obtained from proliferation assays. A Th1 cytokine profile was predominant in cell cultures of REM-MS patients stimulated with VZV, in agreement with studies of systemic memory T-cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF and IL-2 in latent VZV infected individuals [ 34 ] and coinciding with reports that MS should be considered a Th1/Th17 driven disease [ 35 , 36 ]. Hence, VZV could be driving or enhancing Th1 inflammation, possibly aided by cytokines secreted by B cells or macrophages, since our cultures contained not only T lymphocytes, but all PBMC.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

T-Cell Response against Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis during Relapse and Remission

Pérez-Saldívar

Ordóñez

Pineda

et al. 2021

IJMS

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An association between varicella zoster virus (VZV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has been reported in Mexican populations. The aim of this study was to compare the response of T cells from MS patients, during relapse and remission, to in vitro stimulation with VZV, adenovirus (AV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Proliferation and cytokine secretion of T cells from 29 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 38 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed by flow cytometry after stimulating with VZV, AV or EBV. IgG and IgM levels against VZV and EBV were quantified using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Relapsing MS patients showed a higher percentage of responding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against VZV compared to AV. In HC and remitting MS patients, proliferation of CD4+ T cells was higher when stimulated with VZV as compared to EBV. Moreover, T cells isolated from remitting patients secreted predominantly Th1 cytokines when cell cultures were stimulated with VZV. Finally, high concentration of anti-VZV IgG was found in sera from patients and controls. The results support previous studies of an VZV-MS association in the particular population studied and provide additional information about the possible role of this virus in the pathogenesis of MS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

T-Cell Response against Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis during Relapse and Remission

Pérez-Saldívar

Ordóñez

Pineda

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…People with progressive MS have increased CSF and serum concentrations of IL-1β compared to both RRMS and healthy controls [110,237]. Similar to TNF-α, addition of IL-1β in culture caused oligodendrocyte cell death [231,232] and IL-1β is enriched in microglia, macrophages, and neutrophils during EAE [90,202,238].…”

Section: Il-1βmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central nervous system macrophages in progressive multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurodegeneration and therapeutics

Kamma

Lasisi

Libner

et al. 2022

J Neuroinflammation

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There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited treatment options available for progressive MS. The development of new drugs for the treatment of progressive MS remains challenging as the pathophysiology of progressive MS is poorly understood.The progressive phase of MS is dominated by neurodegeneration and a heightened innate immune response with trapped immune cells behind a closed blood–brain barrier in the central nervous system. Here we review microglia and border-associated macrophages, which include perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages, during the progressive phase of MS. These cells are vital and are largely the basis to define lesion types in MS. We will review the evidence that reactive microglia and macrophages upregulate pro-inflammatory genes and downregulate homeostatic genes, that may promote neurodegeneration in progressive MS. We will also review the factors that regulate microglia and macrophage function during progressive MS, as well as potential toxic functions of these cells. Disease-modifying drugs that solely target microglia and macrophage in progressive MS are lacking. The recent treatment successes for progressive MS include include B-cell depletion therapies and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators. We will describe several therapies being evaluated as a potential treatment option for progressive MS, such as immunomodulatory therapies that can target myeloid cells or as a potential neuroprotective agent.

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“…Similarly, Martynova et al [ 20 ] aimed to determine serum and CSF cytokine-based markers for MS diagnosis from a panel of 45 cytokines. CSF was gathered from 101 MS patients and 25 healthy controls.…”

Section: Related Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Challenges and Opportunities

Aslam

Khan

Bashamakh

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that impacts the central nervous system (CNS), which can lead to brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve problems. A total of 2.8 million are estimated to suffer from MS. Globally, a new case of MS is reported every five minutes. In this review, we discuss the proposed approaches to diagnosing MS using machine learning (ML) published between 2011 and 2022. Numerous models have been developed using different types of data, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical data. We identified the methods that achieved the best results in diagnosing MS. The most implemented approaches are SVM, RF, and CNN. Moreover, we discussed the challenges and opportunities in MS diagnosis to improve AI systems to enable researchers and practitioners to enhance their approaches and improve the automated diagnosis of MS. The challenges faced by automated MS diagnosis include difficulty distinguishing the disease from other diseases showing similar symptoms, protecting the confidentiality of the patients’ data, achieving reliable ML models that are also easily understood by non-experts, and the difficulty of collecting a large reliable dataset. Moreover, we discussed several opportunities in the field such as the implementation of secure platforms, employing better AI solutions, developing better disease prognosis systems, combining more than one data type for better MS prediction and using OCT data for diagnosis, utilizing larger, multi-center datasets to improve the reliability of the developed models, and commercialization.

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Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

T-Cell Response against Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis during Relapse and Remission

T-Cell Response against Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis during Relapse and Remission

Central nervous system macrophages in progressive multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurodegeneration and therapeutics

Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Challenges and Opportunities

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