Serum-Free Culture of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates in Suspension Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate towards bone, fat, and cartilage lineages. The most widely used culture and differentiation protocols for MSCs are currently limited by their use of serum-containing media and small-scale static culture vessels. Suspension bioreactors have multiple advantages over static culture vessels (e.g., scalability, control, and mechanical forces). This study sought to compare the formation and culture of 3D aggregates of human synovial fluid MSCs within suspension bioreactors and static microwell plates. It also sought to elucidate the benefits of these techniques in terms of productivity, cell number, and ability to generate aggregates containing extracellular matrix deposition. MSCs in serum-free medium were either (1) inoculated as single cells into suspension bioreactors, (2) aggregated using static microwell plates prior to being inoculated in the bioreactor environment, or (3) aggregated using microwell plates and kept in the static environment. Preformed aggregates that were size-controlled at inoculation had a greater tendency to form large, irregular super aggregates after a few days of suspension culture. The single MSCs inoculated into suspension bioreactors formed a more uniform population of smaller aggregates after a definite culture period of 8 days. Both techniques showed initial deposition of extracellular matrix within the aggregates. When the relationship between aggregate size and ECM deposition was investigated in static culture, midsized aggregates (100-300 cells/aggregate) were found to most consistently maximize sGAG and collagen productivity. Thus, this study presents a 3D tissue culture method, which avoids the clinical drawbacks of serum-containing medium that can easily be scaled for tissue culture applications.

Turning Nature’s own processes into design strategies for living bone implant biomanufacturing: a decade of Developmental Engineering

“…2 C). Besides spheroids [ 12 ], the DE building blocks can be produced in the form of cell sheets [ 13 , 14 ], tissue strands [ 148 ] or pellets [ 24 , 26 , 149 ].…”

“…Robotics systems able to perform routine media changes could provide an alternative for the handling the required scale-out. Alternatively, suspension culture could be employed and several reports discuss the use of shaken [ 145 ] or stirred [ 146 , 147 ] systems, although spheroid aggregation is a challenge that should be tightly controlled in such systems to prevent the formation of mega-clusters with diameters exceeding millimeter size [ 148 ]. Computational fluid dynamics models can be used to calculate average shear rates that should be targeted in order to ensure adequate mixing for each individual aggregate [ 149 ].…”

Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: The Prospect of Human Clinical Translation

“…On the contrary, single MSCs inoculated directly into suspension bioreactors formed a more uniform population of smaller aggregates after a definite culture period of eight days. Both techniques showed initial deposition of ECM within the aggregates [ 347 ].…”

Production of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Suspension Bioreactors for Use in Articular Cartilage Repair

“… 24 Conversely, stirred suspension bioreactors (SSBs) have been effectively used to scale up stem/progenitor cell production, including neural stem cells and MPCs. 25-28 SSBs are relatively straightforward to operate, offer advantages of scalability, provide a large volume for cell growth, can support adherent cell growth with the addition of microcarriers 25-27 or as aggregates, 29 , 30 and provide a homogenous culture microenvironment due to constant mixing. However, this constant mixing does expose cells to shear in a dynamic environment that they would not be exposed to in static culture.…”