Serum interleukin-6 in schizophrenic patients

Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid lnterleukin-1 β and lnterleukin-6 in Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients

“…With other tech niques and lower limits of detection, earlier studies of IL-6 have shown significantly lower plasma levels of IL-6 [7] in unmedicated schizophrenics and also lower serum levels of medicated patients in remission [6]. Fur thermore, Shintani et al [6] have described a subgroup of 8 patients with aberrantly high IL-6 levels, a finding which our results on IL-6 could not corroborate. Ganguli et al [22] recently reported a finding of increased serum IL-6 in schizophrenic patients, which appears to be associated principally with remission.…”

“…They are immunomodulators and multi functional cytokines [1], In schizophrenia research the reports on low 11^2 [2,3], increased IL-1 [4] and IL- 6 [5] productions by peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as the studies on serum and plasma levels of IL-1, IL-6 [6,7], and circulating IL-2 receptors [8,9] have been suggestive of an autoimmune component in at least a subgroup of schizophrenic patients.…”

Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene complex in schizophrenia

“…Schizophrenic patients have varied levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1,-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)␣ in their peripheral blood or cerebrospinal fluid. [1][2][3][4][5][6] These cytokines can modify the metabolism of neurotransmitters, influence neural development, and IL-1 has been implicated in acute, and, on the other hand, chronic neurodegeneration. were somewhat, but not significantly, higher in the schizophrenic patients as compared to the controls.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] We recently demonstrated that plasma IL-1␤ levels were increased in a group of acute first admission drug-free schizophrenic patients as compared to healthy controls. 3 Others have linked elevated IL-6 and TNF-␣ levels to the course, the treatment or progression of schizophrenic illness.…”

In vivo type II T-helper cells shift in schizophrenia compared to sex- and age-matched healthy controls

“…Although they show that subjects with schizophrenia had comparable serum IL-2 [13][14][15][16] , TNF-α [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] , IL-4 16 , IL-10 24 , and IFN-γ 13, 25-27 levels with healthy controls, much more empirical findings concerning the major Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ, in vitro production 16,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and Th2 cytokine, IL-6, serum, plasma, and CSF levels 16,17,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] revealed under-production of Th1-cytokines, however, over-production of Th2-cytokines in schizophrenia. They suggest a possible Th1/Th2 imbalance in schizophrenia.…”