Serum Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Levels are Associated with Estradiol and Decrease After Adjusting for Alanine Aminotransferase in Chinese Women Based on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Abstract

Purpose To assess changes in pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to investigate sexual dimorphism in serum PEDF levels and their relationships with estradiol. Methods A total of 318 individuals (145 men, 173 women) who underwent health examinations in our department were selected. Serum PEDF, estradiol and other metabolic parameters were determined. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA- IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated to evaluate insulin resistance and β-cell function, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyse the factors influencing serum PEDF. Results Serum PEDF levels were significantly higher in subjects with MetS in both men and women (12.09±2.75 vs 8.97±3.19 μg/mL in men and 11.31±2.79 vs 8.40±2.32 μg/mL in women, MetS vs non-MetS, P<0.001). Correlation analysis showed that serum PEDF levels were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting and 2-h postprandial glucose, fasting and 2-h postprandial insulin, HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), uric acid (UA), triacylglycerol (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Elevated ALT, HOMA-IR and TG were significant predictors of increased PEDF concentrations. In women, estradiol was inversely correlated with PEDF levels (r=−0.25, P=0.011), and the association was no longer significant after adjustment for ALT. Conclusion PEDF could be used as a biomarker of MetS in both men and women. This study reported for the first time that circulating PEDF displays sexual dimorphism, which could be related to estrogen. The association between estrogen and circulating PEDF levels was attenuated after adjusting for ALT.

The Interaction and Coupling Between Enterprise Value Evaluation and Regional Ecological Environment

“…The regression analysis based on least square method can be used not only as a regression modelling method of dependent variables for multiple independent variables, but also for multiple dependent variables to multiple independent variables, which can fully reflect the integrity of the model. It can effectively solve the problem of correlation between variables and is suitable for regression modelling when the sample size is less than the number of variables [14,15].…”