Severe Human Case of Zoonotic Infection with Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus, Denmark, 2021

Andersen, Klara M; Vestergaard, Lasse S; Nissen, Jakob Nybo; George, Sophie J; Ryt-Hansen, Pia; Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane; Krog, Jesper Schak; Skov, Marianne Nielsine; Alexandersen, Søren; Larsen, Lars Erik; Trebbien, Ramona

doi:10.3201/eid2812.220935

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Therefore, we speculate that these viruses have the potential to adapt and be transmitted between humans, because the ferret respiratory droplet transmission model resembles transmission in humans [ 55 ], however, caution must be applied, as the findings might not demonstrate the real risk of human-to-human transmission due to the small sample size and because no infectious virus was isolated from the swH1N1pdm09 AT ferrets. Nevertheless, two sporadic cases of swine-to-human transmission of swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 strains were documented in Denmark in 2021, further emphasizing that the clade 1A.3.3.2 viruses have indeed retained their ability to infect humans despite being long adapted to swine [ 56 , 57 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental infection of pigs and ferrets with “pre-pandemic,” human-adapted, and swine-adapted variants of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus reveals significant differences in viral dynamics and pathological manifestations

Kristensen,

Laybourn,

Crumpton

et al. 2023

PLoS Pathog

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Influenza A viruses are RNA viruses that cause epidemics in humans and are enzootic in the pig population globally. In 2009, pig-to-human transmission of a reassortant H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09) caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. This study investigated the infection dynamics, pathogenesis, and lesions in pigs and ferrets inoculated with natural isolates of swine-adapted, human-adapted, and “pre-pandemic” H1N1pdm09 viruses. Additionally, the direct-contact and aerosol transmission properties of the three H1N1pdm09 isolates were assessed in ferrets. In pigs, inoculated ferrets, and ferrets infected by direct contact with inoculated ferrets, the pre-pandemic H1N1pdm09 virus induced an intermediary viral load, caused the most severe lesions, and had the highest clinical impact. The swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused intermediary lesions, and had the least clinical impact in pigs. The human-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus induced the highest viral load, caused the mildest lesions, and had the least clinical impact in ferrets infected by direct contact. The discrepancy between viral load and clinical impact presumably reflects the importance of viral host adaptation. Interestingly, the swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 virus was transmitted by aerosols to two-thirds of the ferrets. Further work is needed to assess the risk of human-to-human aerosol transmission of swine-adapted H1N1pdm09 viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental infection of pigs and ferrets with “pre-pandemic,” human-adapted, and swine-adapted variants of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus reveals significant differences in viral dynamics and pathological manifestations

Kristensen,

Laybourn,

Crumpton

et al. 2023

PLoS Pathog

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“…As for SIV, according to serum surveillance in 17 provinces in China from 2016 to 2021, Eurasian avian-like H1N1, 2009 pandemic H1N1, and H3N2 subtype antibodies showed positivity rates of 24.75% (9986/40,343), 7.94% (3205/40,343), and 0.06% (24/40,343), respectively, indicating that Eurasian avian-like H1N1 is currently the dominant subtype in pig herds [ 38 ]. In addition, human SIV infections have been reported since 2018 [ 39 , 40 ]. These events suggest the zoonotic potential of SIV and the importance of continuous SIV surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR

Ma,

Shi,

Chen

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are significant viruses causing respiratory diseases in pigs. Sick pigs exhibit similar clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and dyspnea, making it very difficult to accurately differentially diagnose these diseases on site. In this study, a quadruplex one-step reverse-transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV was established. The assay showed strong specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability. It could detect only PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV, without cross-reactions with TGEV, PEDV, PRoV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PDCoV, and CSFV. The limits of detection (LODs) for PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV were 129.594, 133.205, 139.791, and 136.600 copies/reaction, respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.29% to 1.89%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR was used to test 4909 clinical specimens, which were collected in Guangxi Province, China, from July 2022 to September 2023. PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV showed positivity rates of 1.36%, 10.17%, 4.87%, and 0.84%, respectively. In addition, the previously reported RT-qPCR was also used to test these specimens, and the agreement between these methods was higher than 99.43%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR can accurately detect these four porcine respiratory viruses simultaneously, providing an accurate and reliable detection technique for clinical diagnosis.

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“…However, the situation was different for human infections with zoonotic influenza viruses 1 . Human cases with H5N6, H9N2 or swine influenza viruses, and so forth, did not cease 2–8 . In April 2022, one human case caused by influenza A(H3N8) virus was identified in Henan Province in China 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Human cases with H5N6, H9N2 or swine influenza viruses, and so forth, did not cease. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In April 2022, one human case caused by influenza A(H3N8) virus was identified in Henan Province in China. 9 This is the first report of a cross-species event of avian H3N8 virus in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological features of human influenza A(H3N8) viruses in China

Zhu

Chen

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Influenza A(H3N8) viruses first emerged in humans in 2022, but their public health risk has not been evaluated. Here, we systematically investigated the biological features of avian and human isolated H3N8 viruses. The human-origin H3N8 viruses exhibited dual receptor binding profiles but avian-origin H3N8 viruses bound to avian type (sialic acid α2, 3) receptors only. All H3N8 viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir. Although H3N8 viruses showed lower virulence than the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (09pdmH1N1) viruses, they induced comparable infectivity in

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Severe Human Case of Zoonotic Infection with Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus, Denmark, 2021

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Experimental infection of pigs and ferrets with “pre-pandemic,” human-adapted, and swine-adapted variants of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus reveals significant differences in viral dynamics and pathological manifestations

Experimental infection of pigs and ferrets with “pre-pandemic,” human-adapted, and swine-adapted variants of the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus reveals significant differences in viral dynamics and pathological manifestations

Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR

Biological features of human influenza A(H3N8) viruses in China

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